It’s using a combination of multicollision attacks against MD5 and sequences of groups of alternate blocks of data representing the alphabet encoded in a way compatible with the file format.
It’s basically <[a+random]/[b+random]/[c+random]…> * (length of message). The random data is crafted by the attack tool so each block has the exact same effect on the MD5 hashing algorithm as it processes each block. You need to decide how many variable blocks you need and where and their encoding in advance. You encode the blocks so the randomness isn’t visible in the final rendered file.
When you have that prepped, you compute the final hash, then at each block position you select the block representing the letter you want (and its associated random data). So then you can select letters matching the actual file hash value.
It only works against hash functions with practical multicollision attacks. Doesn’t work on SHA256 and newer hashes.
Tldr, modern hash algorithms process data in fixed size blocks. For MD5 you take 128 bits at a time.
The core function in a hash is a little scrambler function (permutation) that takes two different inputs and gives you a single output back.
So it starts with a fixed value built into the algorithm, and then scrambles the first block of the message with it. Then it takes that scrambled piece and mixes that with the next block of the message, then takes THAT scrambled piece and mixes it with the next block. And so on until the end of the message. The last scrambled piece is the hash value.
Collision attacks target that core function by figuring out how to tweak multiple messages so that their scrambler outputs “collide”, ending up equal. So you can hash two tweaked messages and get the same hash value. These tweaks usually include a bunch of random looking bits to work.
Then for a multicollision we don’t just do it for two messages. We do it for every letter in the alphabet. For a HTML document we encode something like <div hidden garbage=xyz>a</div> and repeat for every letter. Every letter gets a distinct random looking value. Then we have many documents with the same hash and one letter different. We can show you a hash and then pick which letter to present you with in the document. All of them checks out.
But then we repeat the attack. We add another whole alphabet right after the first one! Now we have <div hidden_garbage=xyz>a</div> <div hidden_garbage_2=xyz>a</div>. And because the second letter is in a different block, that works just fine! Adding a second letter don’t change the first intermediate value, and you can attack the second intermediate value for the second letter separately. So you add the whole alphabet again (with new associated calculated garbage for every letter in the second position), and now after the second letter we have a new intermediate value which is the same regardless of which letter we pick in the second position.
So now we can independently pick a random letter in the first position and in the second position too! Every combination of two letters has the same hash because of the hidden calculated garbage after each letter!
Then we just repeat the multicollision attack on the whole alphabet over and over until your document is long enough to encode your message. And that message may include the document’s own hash.
Okay first of all this message is really nicely written to explain multi collision attacks! (I knew some stuff about hashing and collision attacks before but not about multi collision and why that would be really useful here.)
However, I first thought they were looking for inputs which basically preserve a known state and then generating an alphabet with those kinds of blocks (basically have one for each symbol and up to n additional blocks to “reset” the state to the known value) because that could shrink the size of stored blocks by a lot (I’d imagine).
But now I am wondering if that’s even possible currently (even with an algorithm as “broken” as MD5 has become now)?
That’s a second pre-image attacks when you’re targeting existing state (attacking hash values of existing data by creating a second file matching it). For some reason even with MD5 that’s still infeasible - but collision attacks where you don’t have a target output value, but instead have partial target inputs which need to have the same output hash, are however practical and fast.
You can but you need to define what part of the data the signature covers (a signature can’t sign itself, so it must be excluded from the data bundle). Signed PDF files has the signature appended after the document data
Exactly. And even though there are message start and end markers it’s not quite clear at which pixel the signed image starts and ends. Also the image format that is signed is not defined.
I’m in a loud public place so I didn’t attempt clicking/listening, but I heard both those sounds/music in my head anyway. I spent too much time on that game as a kid.
Age is just a number. I may just be 27 on paper, but I identify as a boomer and deserve my drive-in theater, $20k family home and land barge with couch seats.
Those land yachts were terrifying. It felt like driving a boat, and by that I mean you never felt in control, like the road was the sea and you were at its mercy. Turning the wheel was a suggestion to the car. Breaking felt like a quiet request to a busy waiter in a loud restaurant. The whole experience was akin to a janky “I’m in danger” carnival ride.
This was my experience as a pre teen in my grandpa’s ~1970 Lincoln Continental with a power/weight ratio of 13.5lbs/hp I can’t imagine something with vastly more power feeling better.
(Holy hell that car weighed as much as a tri motor plaid model S)
I thought I read somewhere that your social security card wasn’t initially at all meant for proof of identity and shit that we use it for today, which is why it’s made of fragile paper. But I didn’t actually look that up to verify so idk.
It stems from a conflict of need and want from what I understand.
The need for a national id and the refusal of the citizens for a national id. There was a lot of controversy about the SSN because it could be used as an id and the people didn’t want that being so privacy conscious, so they made the numbering system simple and that card fragile to show and dissuade that it isn’t a good id to get the SS passed.
But of course, there’s still a want/need for some kind of unified id across the nation - so it was used anyway
And thus we have a terrible id system: flimsy, deterministic, and mostly-unchangable
If you know the social security number of someone born in your hospital in the same day, it’s likely your ssn’s are right next to each other and could be guessed
At this point, I don’t think there would be much resistance to a national id, and it would be great for an update that is both securely random, and changeable so that leaking your SSN isn’t such a crazy risk, having it in a laminated card with a chip and electronic signature even better.
Still, it is completely surrounded by Croatia’s claims, and located in the narrow Bay of Mali Ston that Croatia already has a bridge over, so if Bosnians get naughty again they can just turn their sea access into a lake just by dumping enough sand/clay/silt from the existing bridge.
Other 2 answers describe current situation, but the origin is much older. In 1699 Repubublic of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik) ceded Neum to the Ottoman Empire, to prevent land attack from Venice, as Dalmatia was part of Venice that time. Than BiH and Croatia just inherited the borders.
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I do appreciate when they put actual effot in but with Sponsorblock i rarely see them. This meme still applies for when they get passed sponsorblock though lol
i also have DeArrow and it’s such a subtle change that you don’t even realize until you’re browsing the Tube on another device. Hoooly shit. i could feel the pressure from all the clickbait.
Don’t forget to upvote good segments and downvote bad ones. Segments that are downvoted enough get hidden or removed. That’s a pretty big part of how they prevent malicious people (possibly with outside instances) from trying to sabotage the network
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