It’s using a combination of multicollision attacks against MD5 and sequences of groups of alternate blocks of data representing the alphabet encoded in a way compatible with the file format.
It’s basically <[a+random]/[b+random]/[c+random]…> * (length of message). The random data is crafted by the attack tool so each block has the exact same effect on the MD5 hashing algorithm as it processes each block. You need to decide how many variable blocks you need and where and their encoding in advance. You encode the blocks so the randomness isn’t visible in the final rendered file.
When you have that prepped, you compute the final hash, then at each block position you select the block representing the letter you want (and its associated random data). So then you can select letters matching the actual file hash value.
It only works against hash functions with practical multicollision attacks. Doesn’t work on SHA256 and newer hashes.
Tldr, modern hash algorithms process data in fixed size blocks. For MD5 you take 128 bits at a time.
The core function in a hash is a little scrambler function (permutation) that takes two different inputs and gives you a single output back.
So it starts with a fixed value built into the algorithm, and then scrambles the first block of the message with it. Then it takes that scrambled piece and mixes that with the next block of the message, then takes THAT scrambled piece and mixes it with the next block. And so on until the end of the message. The last scrambled piece is the hash value.
Collision attacks target that core function by figuring out how to tweak multiple messages so that their scrambler outputs “collide”, ending up equal. So you can hash two tweaked messages and get the same hash value. These tweaks usually include a bunch of random looking bits to work.
Then for a multicollision we don’t just do it for two messages. We do it for every letter in the alphabet. For a HTML document we encode something like <div hidden garbage=xyz>a</div> and repeat for every letter. Every letter gets a distinct random looking value. Then we have many documents with the same hash and one letter different. We can show you a hash and then pick which letter to present you with in the document. All of them checks out.
But then we repeat the attack. We add another whole alphabet right after the first one! Now we have <div hidden_garbage=xyz>a</div> <div hidden_garbage_2=xyz>a</div>. And because the second letter is in a different block, that works just fine! Adding a second letter don’t change the first intermediate value, and you can attack the second intermediate value for the second letter separately. So you add the whole alphabet again (with new associated calculated garbage for every letter in the second position), and now after the second letter we have a new intermediate value which is the same regardless of which letter we pick in the second position.
So now we can independently pick a random letter in the first position and in the second position too! Every combination of two letters has the same hash because of the hidden calculated garbage after each letter!
Then we just repeat the multicollision attack on the whole alphabet over and over until your document is long enough to encode your message. And that message may include the document’s own hash.
Okay first of all this message is really nicely written to explain multi collision attacks! (I knew some stuff about hashing and collision attacks before but not about multi collision and why that would be really useful here.)
However, I first thought they were looking for inputs which basically preserve a known state and then generating an alphabet with those kinds of blocks (basically have one for each symbol and up to n additional blocks to “reset” the state to the known value) because that could shrink the size of stored blocks by a lot (I’d imagine).
But now I am wondering if that’s even possible currently (even with an algorithm as “broken” as MD5 has become now)?
That’s a second pre-image attacks when you’re targeting existing state (attacking hash values of existing data by creating a second file matching it). For some reason even with MD5 that’s still infeasible - but collision attacks where you don’t have a target output value, but instead have partial target inputs which need to have the same output hash, are however practical and fast.
You can but you need to define what part of the data the signature covers (a signature can’t sign itself, so it must be excluded from the data bundle). Signed PDF files has the signature appended after the document data
Exactly. And even though there are message start and end markers it’s not quite clear at which pixel the signed image starts and ends. Also the image format that is signed is not defined.
The amount of wishful thinking is honestly surprising to me, even though my expectations about these folks is already pretty low. It’s just… are all of the brain cells focused on keeping them breathing?
I totally get it. Nobody wants to pay taxes, or fees, and it’s getting harder for people to afford food much less car insurance, registration, emissions inspections, yadda yadda. The SovCit thing must be appealing. But, still, interpreting that situation like that? It seems like a new level of dumb.
I admit, I’ve been using EndeavorOS everywhere that isn’t a server, and I’m not ashamed; like my doctor says: there’s no reward for being in pain; it’s not a contest.
I use Manjaro because I’m too lazy to install arch and I could never get endeavor to boot. I just wanna play Titanfall 2 and play with ardour and freecad don’t make fun of me 😅
What are you talking about? I wish I could do stuff like installing or managing my Arch installations more often, as it’s very relaxing and satisfying. The problem is, my installs never break and there’s nothing to do about them most of the time. I work in IT however and my job throws rocks at me all the time with some bullshit corporate software and horrible Sysadm/DevOps practices and boy’oboy is it frustrating….
W was a piece of shit in many many ways, but you can't deny his humanity in that moment. Dude handled it like a champ and couldn't wait for whatever was coming after the second shoe. You could tell that was his favorite thing that ever happened in a press conference.
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