First obvious question: do you have a firewall enabled?
From a terminal, type “iptables -L” and if there are any rules there (rather than just category headers) you will probably need to allow inbound traffic through the firewall
Yeah your iptables is already set to up ACCEPT by default meaning no blocking.
My next step would be to determine whether the traffic is reaching the target machine. Look into how you can monitor inbound traffic and verify whether the server even sees the inbound connection attempt
Well, true up to the point where the OS itself uses up most of the available RAM just for basic processes (like tracking and reporting the users’ data to the manufacturer’s data centre).
And you never mention what problems this solves… I use the package manager version of v4l2loopback and have no problems, and it auto updates. And I would use a package manager version of droidcam for the same reason.
This is just a theory, I don’t have knowledge of the inner-workings of either Linux or Windows (beyond the basics). While Microsoft has been packing tons of telemetry in their OS since Windows 10, I think they fucked up the I/O stack somewhere along the way. Windows used to run well enough on HDDs, but can barely boot now.
This is most easily highlighted by using a disk drive. I was trying to read a DVD a while ago and noticed my whole system was locked up on a very modern system. Just having the drive plugged in would prevent windows from opening anything if already on, or getting past the spinner on boot.
The same wasn’t observed on Linux. It took a bit to mount the DVD, but at no point did it lock up my system until it was removed. I used to use CDs and DVDs all the time on XP and 7 without this happening, so I only can suspect that they messed up something with I/O and has gone unnoticed because of their willingness to ignore the issues with the belief they’re being caused by telemetry
I ran Storm Linux for a short while in about… 2001-2002. Got it on a CD in a misc pack of disks from some Linux distro vendor.
It was supposed to be a server oriented distro, secured more than others, and ran Enlightenment for a desktop. Overall, it was a reasonable distro, but didn’t gain enough general support and devs to keep it up and running. The group behind it folded after a short while.
Windows also still runs software unchanged
from 20 or more years ago, while software on Linux has to be constantly updated to use new libraries and APIs, else it's considered "dead" and very soon will no longer run or even compile in its current form.
It has a lot of baggage that Linux doesn't need to worry about. Up until Vista, you could even still natively run 16 bit DOS software from the 80s.
Not sure about DOS, but Windows 10 will happily run 16-bit Windows software. You have to use the 32-bit version of Windows though - the 64-bit version dropped support.
@independantiste@TimeSquirrel , I could be wrong, but Windows NTFS is also incredibly terrible at reading/writing large numbers of small files. Windows explorer can now be opened in different processes, at least that's some improvement.
Edit: There's a reason why game developers create an archive of the files for the game rather than reading them from the FS itself.
The question really is why do they keep hanging to NTFS? It’s like 156 years old at this point, there are so many newer alternatives like btrfs that are faster, support bigger drives and have more features like snapshots
As I’m sure you’ve gathered, this is a complex and nuanced discussion, but to me the biggest factors making Linux fast are:
Absence of telemetry/data collection monitoring your use of the device
Open source development model encouraging the entire world to contribute to make the Linux kernel better
There’s something to be said where a consistent 5% performance improvement in a filesystem or process scheduler would be taken as a huge win. How would you even manage finding or contributing such a change to something closed source like Windows 11? Academics write papers about the kernel’s performance and how it can be improved whereas I tend to think Microsoft takes more of a ‘good enough’ approach to such details.
NT is actually pretty great. The Windows GUI may have gone to shit, but the underlying kernel is great. I’d even argue that it’s ahead of Linux in many respects.
Linux is a slog comparatively, coming with hundreds of packed drivers for machines that stopped being sold a decade ago, unless you’ve tweaked your custom kernel config to only include drivers for your specific system. Windows has its fallback drivers, but most of them are downloaded on the fly rather than being precompiled into the kernel. This is part of why Nvidia drivers are such a pain to deal with on Linux.
The Windows scheduler and the Linux scheduler deal with processes just fine. Windows deals with hitting memory limits way better, but Linux has more flexibility to control the CPU scheduler. I also find Linux to be less efficient with file system caches, but that’s probably because Windows takes forever to complete I/O operations because of NTFS. Windows will fill your RAM with stuff you may need, while Linux happily keeps gigabytes of RAM unassigned (and act all surprise Pikachu when you actually request the browser that you open literally every time you boot your PC).
Linux doesn’t do antivirus, that’s the biggest difference. You get infected more easily, but you get faster I/O in return. This is especially the case when accessing tons of tiny files, like when booting the computer or programming. The load is relatively small when loading games and such.
I find Windows to be a lot snappier with my iGPU in power save mode, while Gnome and KDE are snapper when the iGPU is enabled. Video acceleration make or break Linux DEs much more than Windows in my experience.
I also find Bitlocker to perform a lot better than standard LUKS2, especially during the early boot process. The Windows bootloader isn’t restricted in its access to encryption acceleration functions the same way Grub is, so unlocking disks with similar cryptographic strengths at boot time is just faster on Windows. Plus, hibernating with encryption is possible without hacks and disabling security features in Windows, which is why it boots so fast (shutting down hibernates the kernel unless you need updates).
Linux is generally faster at updating (though using Flatpak GUIs would have you think otherwise), which is the biggest speed concern I have with Windows today. Perhaps it’s to make System Restore actually usable (something Linux can improve on) but it takes forever to install minor updates. Maybe it’s related to NTFS as well, which isn’t too great compared to the Linux alternatives on offer.
Windows is also terrible if you’re still running from a hard drive. With Windows 11 I’m pretty sure the devs abandoned HDD support all together with how slow it boots on spinning rust. A real pain when using virtual machines.
If you notice an immediate difference between Windows and Linux, it’s probably because you’ve recently installed a fresh copy of Linux. My Ubuntu and my Windows partitions boot in about the same amount of time. Give it a few years of gathering cruft and you’ll probably have an equally slow Linux install.
Others have written about how windows does it, but here’s some more details.
A window which runs with higher privileges (even just elevated to admin but still with your same account) cannot be read by normal privileges. You can see this when you use a custom screenshot program with some privileged system utility, but it’s key combo does not work when the higher privileged window is active (in the foreground, selected). The screenshot program could not access UI elements in the privileged window, and can’t send messages to it, but it can still see it rendered and capture it.
There’s also a feature called “secure desktop”. This is a bit like opening a new desktop with it’s separate “window namespace”. It’s distinct so much that it doesn’t have the taskbar and start menu, and by default it would be blackness, but you don’t notice it because the system takes a screenshot before opening it and sets that as background.
Admin utils rarely use this feature, as I know this is only used for the User Account Control window that appears when a program is asking for elevated permissions. This is where you type your password, or just accept or deny the elevation request.
The Keepass password manager can also make use of this feature for the unlock prompt, but it can’t use it that effectively, because the new secure desktop can be found in some way by other programs if it was not created with elevated privileges. It writes about this in it’s documentation.
Even though Linux nowadays has a password prompt dialog, it does not have anything similar to this secure desktop thing as I know.
Other than that, on windows (maybe linux too?) processes of the same user and privilege level can read each other’s memory. Without elevation. It’s quite complicated but it’s always there.
And like with gdb and strace on linux, there are ways on windows too to analyze or modify at runtime how a process works.
Linux encourages users to send patches while Microsoft is the sole company that can modify Windows.
It’s very common to see patches from Google/Meta/Cloudflare/Amazon squeezing more performance for their particular use cases. That benefits everyone in the end.
Microsoft on the other hand is more concerned about its enterprise sales and overall profits. So they don’t care that much. Windows 7 was horribly bloated, and they didn’t address until Windows 8 because they had to, because they realized it was too bloated to run on their new tablet PCs so they had to do something about it.
Apple cares a lot, because their thing is energy efficient fanless netbooks, and phones, and tablets. macOS and iOS are very close in how they work, so Apple has all the incentive to keep it efficient because their software will also affect the hardware side of the business. Microsoft doesn’t, it’s the hardware partners that get stuck dealing with it.
The NT kernel is fairly good, it just doesn’t get the attention it deserves. Microsoft mostly add features on top of older features, they never go in and be like “this sucks” and rewrite a feature, because that’s very risky to do and may break millions of applications and affect their bottomline. Linux doesn’t have to care about that.
I’d say, if Windows was open-source, we’d have some pretty solid Windows distributions because the community would care to go in and fix a ton of bottlenecks that aren’t worth it for Microsoft as a company to even bother reviewing the patches let alone develop and test them. It’s much more lucrative for them to release AI crap like Copilot than make Windows 10% snappier. Because most Windows users are corporate people that makes decisions based on marketing and business items than being an enjoyable experience. Less frustrated users? Nah. More productive employees with crappy AI features that barely works? Hell yeah 🤑
TL;DR: Windows sucks because of Microsoft’s business interests don’t require Windows to be that good, merely good enough.
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