I completely agree that it’s a stupid way of doing things, but it is how openai reduced the vocab size of gpt-2 & gpt-3. As far as I know–I have only read the comments in the source code– the conversion is done as a preprocessing step. Here’s the code to gpt-2: github.com/openai/gpt-2/blob/master/…/encoder.py I did apparently make a mistake, as the vocab reduction is done through a lut instead of a simple mod.