As climate change gets worse and worse, more or less anything is possible. Hell, it is 120F in Brazil this week and it is technically “winter”.
That said, I think the specific example in Spec Ops: The Line is not plausible. There won’t be a sudden sandstorm out of nowhere that swallows the city. It will be gradual (…-ish) increases in the intensity of existing sandstorms. Look at the continuing hurricanes hitting the gulf coast as an example of this. Where what used to be “storm of a century” is now “April”.
And we can see people pulling out of the gulf coast as a result. Those who have the resources leave. And Dubai is very much a city where people either have the resources or… work for the people who do. Combine that with how inhospitable that region is and we are more likely to see a rapidly abandoned city as all the rich people leave en masse.
So by the time there is a strong enough sandstorm to wipe out communications and demolish infrastructure? it will already have been a humanitarian crisis for years.