You can run different userland drivers but not kernel drivers. Thankfully the kernel drivers are pretty much unified for AMD. to use the proprietary ones, install the appropriate driver in the distrobox container.
Vulkan and Opengl are different drivers so you will need to figure out the flags you need to set appropriately. arch wiki is a food resource for this.
For rocm and stuff make sure your kernel has the necessary bits, this will be distro specific, but I can at least say arch will work fine simply. and fedors too iirc