i could throw in my own anecdotal experience of being raised owning dozens of cats over my life, that the outdoors is very dangerous to tame cats. my dad counted it as a win if a couple kittens from each litter of our tamed barn cats would make it a year. even out in the country we had “traffic” kill a decent amount, and the wild animals did the rest. not to mention eating partially rotted dead animals and getting sick, etc.
but I prefer data, which shouldn’t be that hard to find. :)