And Asimov spent years and dozens of stories exploring exactly those kinds of edge cases, particularly how the laws interact with each other. It’s literally the point of the books. You can take any law and pick it apart like that. That’s why we have so many lawyers
The dog example is stupid “if you think about it for one minute” (I know it isn’t your quote, but you’re defending the position of the person the person I originally responded to). Several of your other scenarios are explicitly discussed in the literature, like the surgery.