Memento. Technically was an unpublished short story rewriten for the screen.
Some Wes Anderson stuff: isle of Dogs, Grand Budapest Hotel (loose influence), Royal Taenbaums
M (1933)
Short Term 12
Shawshank is based on a short story too
Interrogation (1989)
Funny Gaes (1997 version!!!)
A lot of Powell and Pressbruger’s stuff… Red Shoes, Colonel Blimp
Coen bros stuff-Fargo (strongly recommend this), O Brother Where Art Thou (inspired by Homer, but a bit different from the book lol), Big Lebowski
Just a few to start you with. I basically pulled some fine examples across cinema history. I ignored a lot of great silent stuff, especially the comedy. If you reply to this one day, I’m sure I can follow up with more refs!