All of these, so far as I know, either are or evolved from Unix tools.
zsh is short for “z shell.” A shell is a way to interact with a system via text - a command line interface. There are many including sh (shell), bash (Bourne again shell), fish (no idea what it stands for if anything) and others. I pronounce “zsh” as “zee shell.”
ssh is short for “secure shell,” a way to access systems remotely that replaced unencrypted remote access methods (hence “secure”). I pronounce this as “ess ess aitch.” The last symbol you used looks like a calculus symbol to me.
sudo, depending on whom you ask, could stand for one of a few things; it was preceded by a command called “su” which stood for “super user” or “switch user” because it allowed you to imitate a user other than your own (super user being a user who has few or no permissions restrictions on a system). “sudo” is generally considered to be short for “su do” (whatever you consider “su” to mean) (ie, switch user and do or become super user and do)… I pronounce this one as “pseudo” but I didn’t know what it meant when I first learned it. If I had, it’s not impossible that I would pronounce it differently.
Caveat: I’m an experienced Linux user, but not an expert. All of the above is generally accurate but I suspect there are many lemmy users who would contest the details.