I think I misunderstood your problem, I assumed the issue was the volume mounts and after testing it I was indeed wrong - the docker cli now accepts relative paths so your original command does the same as what I suggested. After re-reading your issue I have a different idea of what’s wrong, but would have to see your dockerfile (or for you to confirm) to be sure.
Do you add 10f.py to the docker image when you build it and do you specify the command/entrypoint in the Dockerfile? There are possibly to issues I can think of with how you do that (although considering the docker compose works it’s probably the 2nd):
You do add it and you add it to /data in the image - when you mount a volume over it would make the script no longer exist in the container.
You do add it and it’s not in /data - in this case the issue with running docker run -v ./:/data -w /workdir tenfigers_10f:v1 10f.py is the last bit - you override the command which makes it try to look for it at /data/10f.py, if you omit it the last part (10f.py) it should run whatever the original command was and assuming you set the cmd/entrypoint correctly in the Dockerfile it should see /data as ./ in python.
(Also when you run it with the CLI you might want to add -it --rm as well to the docker command otherwise it won’t really behave similarly to a regular command)