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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 02:09PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Improving Alzheimer's disease imaging -- with fluorescent sensors

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731140957.htm

Neurotransmitter levels in the brain can indicate brain health and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. However, the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes delivering fluorescent sensors that can detect these small molecules to the brain difficult. Now, researchers demonstrate a way of packaging these sensors for easy passage across the BBB in mice, allowing for improved brain imaging. With further development, the technology could help advance Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731140957.htm

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 02:09PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: New AI tool predicts risk for chronic pain in cancer patients

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731140935.htm

With 80% accuracy, an AI-trained tool could help doctors identify which patients to treat for chronic pain.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731140935.htm

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 02:09PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: A new use for propofol in treating epilepsy?

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731140922.htm

The general anesthetic propofol may hold the keys to developing new treatment strategies for epilepsy and other neurological disorders, according to a new study.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731140922.htm

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 02:09PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: This protein does 'The Twist'

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731140916.htm

The NMDAR is involved in numerous cognitive functions including memory. Its movements are tightly coordinated like a choreographed dance routine. Scientists have now figured out how the protein performs a difficult 'Twist'-like dance move. The discovery could lead to new drug compounds that bind to NMDAR more effectively.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731140916.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 08:23PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: A brain fingerprint: Study uncovers unique brain plasticity in people born blind

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730202351.htm

Neuroscientists reveal that the part of the brain that receives and processes visual information in sighted people develops a unique connectivity pattern in people born blind. They say this pattern in the primary visual cortex is unique to each person -- akin to a fingerprint.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730202351.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 04:21PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Study finds genetic variant among people who experience a rare recovery from ALS

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730162147.htm

Though exceedingly rare, some people diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) partially or fully recover from the lethal neurodegenerative disease. A better understanding of this baffling phenomenon, reported in medical literature for at least 60 years, could point to potential new treatment approaches. To that end, researchers launched a study of ALS recovery patients and found certain genetic factors that appear to protect against the disease's typical assault on motor neurons.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730162147.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 08:23PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY PSYCHOLOGY FEED

TITLE: A brain fingerprint: Study uncovers unique brain plasticity in people born blind

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730202351.htm

Neuroscientists reveal that the part of the brain that receives and processes visual information in sighted people develops a unique connectivity pattern in people born blind. They say this pattern in the primary visual cortex is unique to each person -- akin to a fingerprint.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730202351.htm

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 02:12PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Cannabinoid CBG reduces anxiety and stress in first human clinical trial

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731141232.htm

A lesser-known cannabinoid that is gaining in popularity Cannabigerol (CBG) effectively reduced anxiety in a clinical trial without the intoxication typically associated with whole plant cannabis. It may even have some memory enhancing effects, according to a new study. For the study, researchers conducted the first human clinical trial investigating the acute effects of CBG on anxiety, stress and mood. The research revealed that 20 mg of hemp-derived CBG significantly reduced feelings of anxiety at 20, 45 and 60 minutes after ingestion compared to a placebo.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731141232.htm

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 03:21PM
SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC TIMES

Direct article link at end of text block below.

We want to know: What social media platform do you use most?

Articles can be found by scrolling down the page at Articles can be found at https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/news".

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 02:11PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Body appreciation varies across cultures

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731141148.htm

People from different cultures show both similarities and differences in how body appreciation, sociocultural pressure, and internalization of thin ideals vary, according to a new study.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240731141148.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 01:49PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Peer influence can promote healthier shopping habits, study reveals

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134907.htm

A randomized trial conducted by health economists found that a bit of peer influence can nudge us to select healthier groceries.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134907.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 02:05PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Friendships in America may be in less peril than previously thought

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730140515.htm

American adults may typically have more friends than indicated by other recent surveys, with fewer Americans having no friends at all -- though many would like closer friendships, according to a new study.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730140515.htm

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 02:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: An 8-week low-calorie diet alters brain connectivity in obese individuals

URL: https://www.psypost.org/an-8-week-low-calorie-diet-alters-brain-connectivity-in-obese-individuals/

Researchers have long struggled to understand why weight loss is so difficult to maintain for individuals with obesity. A new study published in the journal Obesity sheds light on this issue, revealing that an 8-week low-calorie diet not only results in weight loss but also induces significant changes in brain connectivity. The study found that participants who lost weight exhibited increased brain connectivity in regions associated with emotion and memory, along with changes in hunger levels and food intake.

Previous studies have indicated that obesity is associated with altered brain connectivity, especially in regions related to reward and self-control. The team aimed to investigate whether these brain changes could be reversed or modified through a short-term dietary intervention. They hypothesized that weight loss would not only improve glucose metabolism but also partially restore the altered brain connectivity.

The study involved 25 participants, including 15 women and 10 men, with an average age of 46 years. Among them, nine individuals had type 2 diabetes. The participants were instructed to follow a low-calorie diet for 8 weeks, with men consuming 1800 calories per day and women consuming 1500 calories per day. The primary goal was to achieve a weight loss of approximately 5% of their initial body weight.

To measure changes in brain connectivity, participants underwent fMRI scans before and after the diet. The fMRI scans were conducted during a two-step hyperglycemic-euglycemic clamp procedure to simulate post-meal conditions. This procedure involved raising blood glucose levels to approximately 200 mg/dL (hyperglycemia) and then lowering them to approximately 100 mg/dL (euglycemia).

During the scans, participants viewed images of food and non-food items and provided ratings for their liking and wanting of each item. Hunger levels were also assessed before and after each scanning session. Additionally, blood samples were collected to measure hormone levels, including leptin (a hormone related to satiety), ghrelin (an appetite-stimulating hormone), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone involved in appetite regulation.

Following the diet, participants were offered a buffet meal to measure their food intake. This meal included various food options, such as hamburgers, macaroni and cheese, chicken, salad, and desserts. The researchers measured and recorded the amount of food consumed by each participant. The study aimed to investigate not only changes in brain connectivity but also hormonal and behavioral responses to the diet-induced weight loss.

The findings of the study were multifaceted and revealed several key insights. Participants lost an average of 3.3% of their initial body weight over the 8-week period. This weight loss was associated with significant changes in hormone levels. Specifically, leptin levels decreased, indicating reduced satiety, while ghrelin levels were less suppressed by hyperglycemia after the weight loss, suggesting an increased drive to eat.

Despite losing weight, participants reported increased hunger during the fMRI sessions following the diet. This heightened hunger was also reflected in their increased food intake at the buffet meal, where they consumed more calories, particularly from fatty foods.

One of the most notable findings was the change in brain connectivity observed through the fMRI scans. The scans revealed increased connectivity in the limbic-temporal network, which includes brain regions such as the right hippocampus and temporal cortex. These areas are involved in emotion and memory, indicating that short-term weight loss may enhance brain responses related to food motivation and reward.

The study also found differences in brain connectivity between participants with and without type 2 diabetes. Individuals with diabetes showed greater increases in brain connectivity following weight loss compared to those without diabetes, suggesting that diabetes may influence how the brain responds to dietary changes.

“These results indicate that diet-induced weight loss leads to a whole-body response, including hormones, eating behavior, and brain connectivity,” the researchers wrote.

Future research should investigate the long-term effects of weight loss on brain connectivity and eating behavior. Studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm these findings and explore how different types of diets and weight loss interventions affect brain function. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying weight regain could lead to the development of more effective strategies for maintaining weight loss.

“In summary, our study’s primary focus on brain connectivity elucidates the impact of short-term weight loss on the intricate neural networks underlying responses to weight restoration,” the researchers concluded. “The observed changes in brain connectivity, coupled with hormonal fluctuations and behavioral changes, provide a comprehensive insight into the multifaceted nature of weight loss interventions.”

“These findings collectively underscore the challenges faced by individuals with obesity, particularly those with T2D [type 2 diabetes], when adhering to low-calorie diets. Further exploration into these neural mechanisms holds promising implications for designing more effective and tailored interventions for obesity management and weight loss maintenance.”

The study, “Low-calorie diet-induced weight loss is associated with altered brain connectivity and food desire in obesity,” was authored by Hai Hoang, Cheryl Lacadie, Janice Hwang, Katherine Lam, Ahmed Elshafie, Samuel B. Rosenberg, Charles Watt, Rajita Sinha, R. Todd Constable, Mary Savoye, Dongju Seo, and Renata Belfort-DeAguiar.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/an-8-week-low-calorie-diet-alters-brain-connectivity-in-obese-individuals/

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: The nuances of support behaviors in Black romantic relationships

URL: https://www.psypost.org/the-nuances-of-support-behaviors-in-black-romantic-relationships/

A recent study explored how Black couples support each other in romantic relationships, specifically looking at how well partners respond to each other’s needs and how they cope with stress together, and how these factors affect their relationship happiness. The study found that supportive behaviors from partners are positively related to relationship satisfaction, and these effects do not significantly differ between interracial and intraracial couples. The findings have been published in the journal Personal Relationships.

Black individuals often encounter unique and chronic stressors, including racial discrimination, health disparities, and financial inequality. These stressors not only affect their well-being but can also influence the dynamics of their romantic relationships.

Prior research has predominantly focused on White couples, leaving a gap in understanding the specific challenges and strengths of Black romantic relationships. The researchers aimed to fill this gap by exploring how partner support, particularly perceived partner responsiveness and dyadic coping, impacts relationship quality for Black individuals in both intraracial and interracial relationships.

Perceived partner responsiveness refers to how attentive and supportive individuals feel their partners are to their needs and concerns. Dyadic coping involves how couples manage stress together, including supportive behaviors and collaborative problem-solving strategies to handle external stressors.

“I’ve always been interested in how romantic partners navigate ways that they are similar and dissimilar, and having parents who are in an interracial relationship made me particularly interested in how couples do this when they don’t share a racial background,” said study author Annika From, a PhD candidate at the University of Michigan. “What does it look like to support a partner who is, for example, dealing with experiences of discrimination that you yourself have never experienced?”

The study involved two samples of participants in the United States. The first sample included 114 adults surveyed in early 2021, while the second sample comprised 55 couples surveyed between late 2021 and early 2022. All participants were in romantic relationships where at least one partner identified as Black. Participants ranged in age from 19 to 65 years, with a median age of 28 years. Relationships varied in length from one month to 38 years, with 35% of participants being married.

The participants completed questionnaires about their relationship quality, perceived partner responsiveness, and dyadic coping. Additionally, they responded to an open-ended question about the role of race in their relationship.

The findings indicated that higher levels of perceived partner responsiveness and supportive dyadic coping were significantly associated with higher relationship satisfaction. Conversely, unsupportive partner responses were linked to lower relationship satisfaction. These associations were consistent across intraracial and interracial relationships, suggesting that supportive partner behaviors are universally beneficial for relationship quality, regardless of the racial composition of the relationship.

Additionally, the study found no significant differences in relationship quality, perceived partner responsiveness, or dyadic coping based on the racial composition of the couple. This suggests that the positive impact of these support processes on relationship quality does not vary significantly between intraracial and interracial relationships.

The qualitative data, gathered from participants’ responses to the open-ended question about the role of race in their relationship, provided deeper insights into the nuances of support behaviors. The researchers identified eight common themes, which were categorized into forms of support and barriers to support.

Forms of Support:

• Mutual Understanding: Participants in intraracial relationships often highlighted a shared understanding and background with their partner, which facilitated nonverbal communication and alignment in their views of the world. This theme was less common in interracial relationships, though some participants in interracial relationships with a non-Black person of color described a sense of solidarity across minority groups.
•

• Open Conversations: Explicit discussions about race and culture were more frequently mentioned by participants in interracial relationships. These conversations helped partners understand each other’s backgrounds and cope with racial issues.
•

• Willingness to Learn: This theme was more prevalent in interracial relationships, where participants described their partner’s openness and effort to understand and support them. Non-Black partners often made conscious efforts to educate themselves and address biases.
•

• Defending One’s Partner: This theme was only seen among participants in interracial relationships, where non-Black partners described stepping in to defend their Black partner against discrimination.
•

• Resilience: Black participants emphasized the strength and determination they and their partner showed in the face of discrimination, often viewing these challenges as bonding experiences.
•

• Joy: Expressions of joy and vibrancy in the relationship were mentioned by Black participants in intraracial relationships, celebrating positive aspects of their relationship outside the context of discrimination.
•

Barriers to Support:

• Lack of Awareness: Participants highlighted instances where one partner lacked understanding or failed to recognize the struggles of their partner, particularly in interracial relationships. This lack of awareness often hindered the ability to provide effective support.
•

• Different Ways of Thinking: Some participants described disagreements with their partner’s beliefs or interpretations of events, which could create communication difficulties and inhibit support.
•

“Unsurprisingly, we found that people who said their partner supported them and was more responsive also reported higher relationship quality. We also found associations didn’t differ between people in same-race and interracial couples though, suggesting this is equally important for these types of couples.

“But when we looked at the qualitative ways people described support in their relationships, we found a lot more nuance. People talked about things like being able to empathize with one’s partner through a shared racial background, being willing to learn about their partner’s perspective, and defending one’s partner from racism. We found that some themes, like mutual understanding, were more common for participants in same-race relationships, while others, like willingness to learn, were more common in interracial relationships.”

The study, “Partner support behaviors and relationship quality in interracial and intraracial Black romantic relationships,” was authored by Annika From, Jasmine Banks, and Robin S. Edelstein.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/the-nuances-of-support-behaviors-in-black-romantic-relationships/

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 10:02AM
SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC TIMES

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 10:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: ‘Night owls’ show higher cognitive performance in new sleep study

URL: https://www.psypost.org/night-owls-show-higher-cognitive-performance-in-new-sleep-study/

A recent study published in BMJ Public Health has shed light on the connection between sleep patterns and cognitive performance. Researchers at Imperial College London found that older individuals who identify as ‘night owls’ tend to have higher cognitive scores compared to those who prefer morning activities. This finding offers new insights into how our internal biological clocks may influence brain function.

“Our interest in this topic stemmed from a broader curiosity about how lifestyle factors, particularly sleep, influence brain health. Given the ageing population and the rising prevalence of cognitive decline, understanding the relationship between sleep patterns and cognitive function could help develop better interventions and health guidelines to maintain cognitive health in older adults,” explained study authors Raha West (a NIHR Doctoral Research Fellow) and Daqing Ma (a professor of anaesthesia).

The study leveraged data from the UK Biobank, a large-scale prospective study involving over half a million participants aged 40 and above across the UK. Specifically, the analysis included 26,820 participants who had completed all necessary surveys and cognitive assessments.

Participants provided detailed information about their sleep habits, including sleep duration, chronotype, and sleep quality, through self-report questionnaires. Sleep duration was categorized into short (<7 hours), normal (7-9 hours), and long (>9 hours). Chronotype was assessed based on participants’ self-identification as either a morning person, intermediate, or evening person. Sleep quality was measured by the frequency of experiencing sleeplessness or insomnia.

The cognitive performance of participants was evaluated using a series of tests designed to assess various aspects of cognition, such as reasoning, memory, and reaction time. These tests included Fluid Intelligence (verbal and numerical questions), Pairs Matching (a memory game), Reaction Time (measured through a card game), and Prospective Memory (a task involving memory recall).

The participants were divided into two cohorts: Cohort 1 (10,067 participants) completed all four cognitive tests (Fluid Intelligence, Pairs Matching, Reaction Time, and Prospective Memory), while Cohort 2 (16,753 participants) completed only two cognitive tests (Pairs Matching and Reaction Time).

One of the key findings was the significant association between chronotype and cognitive performance. Participants who identified as evening types, or ‘night owls,’ scored higher on cognitive tests than those who identified as morning types. Intermediate types also showed better cognitive performance than morning types.

“We were particularly intrigued by the chronotype findings, which found that evening types performed better on cognitive tests in older adults, in contrast with younger populations, where morning types typically have better outcomes,” the researchers told PsyPost. “This suggests that the relationship between chronotype and cognitive function may change with age.”

Regarding sleep duration, the researchers found that normal sleep duration (7-9 hours) was associated with slightly higher cognitive scores in Cohort 1. On the other hand, long sleep duration (more than 9 hours) was linked to significantly lower cognitive scores across both cohorts. This result supports previous research indicating a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and cognitive performance, where both insufficient and excessive sleep are associated with worse cognitive health.

“The key takeaway is that getting 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night is crucial for maintaining cognitive function,” West and Ma said. “Additionally, individuals should recognise and work with their natural sleep patterns, whether they are morning or evening types, to optimise their cognitive performance.”

Jessica Chelekis, a senior lecturer at Brunel University London (who was not involved in the study), told the Science Media Centre: “In my expert opinion, the main takeaway should be that the cultural belief that early risers are more productive than ‘night owls’ does not hold up to scientific scrutiny. While everyone should aim to get good-quality sleep each night, we should also try to be aware of what time of day we are at our (cognitive) best and work in ways that suit us. Night owls, in particular, should not be shamed into fitting a stereotype that favours an ‘early to bed, early to rise’ practice.”

While the study provides valuable insights into the relationship between sleep patterns and cognitive performance, it has several limitations. For instance, the cross-sectional design of the study prevents establishing causality.

“Without a detailed picture of what is going on in the brain we don’t know if being a ‘morning’ or ‘evening’ person affects memory and thinking, or if a decline in cognition is causing changes to sleeping patterns,” explained Jacqui Hanley of Alzheimer’s Research UK (who was not involved in the study).

Additionally, reliance on self-reported data for sleep parameters may introduce biases, and the study did not adjust for educational attainment due to incomplete data. The lack of control for the time of day during cognitive assessments and the exclusion of participants with unclear chronotypes may also affect the generalizability of the findings.

To enhance future research, it would be beneficial to include more diverse populations from different geographical locations and incorporate objective sleep measures. Longitudinal studies could provide a clearer understanding of the causal relationships between sleep patterns and cognitive performance. Furthermore, future research could explore the biological mechanisms linking sleep duration with cognitive deterioration.

“In the long term, we might explore the mechanisms behind how different chronotypes affect cognitive performance and extend this research to more diverse populations,” West and Ma said. “Understanding these mechanisms could lead to personalised sleep and health recommendations to optimise cognitive health.”

Interestingly, the study did not find a significant relationship between sleep quality, measured by the frequency of sleeplessness or insomnia, and cognitive performance. This finding contrasts with some prior studies that have shown poor sleep quality to be associated with lower cognitive functioning.

“We would like to emphasize the importance of considering both sleep duration and quality,” West and Ma noted. “While our study found significant associations with sleep duration and chronotype, the impact of sleep quality needs further investigation. Future research should also look into the effects of physical activity, diet, and social engagement on sleep and cognitive health.”

The study, “Sleep duration, chronotype, health and lifestyle factors affect cognition: a UK Biobank cross-sectional study,” was published July 10, 2024.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/night-owls-show-higher-cognitive-performance-in-new-sleep-study/

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 04:21PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY PSYCHOLOGY FEED

TITLE: New high-resolution 3D maps show how the brain's blood vessels changes with age

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730162155.htm

Researchers have identified mouse brain regions vulnerable to blood vessel degeneration, offering clues to the connection between vasculature and neurodegenerative disease.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730162155.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 04:21PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: New high-resolution 3D maps show how the brain's blood vessels changes with age

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730162155.htm

Researchers have identified mouse brain regions vulnerable to blood vessel degeneration, offering clues to the connection between vasculature and neurodegenerative disease.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730162155.htm

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DATE: July 29, 2024 at 12:52PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Advanced 'Parkinson's in a dish' model accelerates brain disease research

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729125214.htm

Researchers have developed a model that rapidly converts stem cells to brain cells with protein structures characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD), enabling the study of the condition's unique and highly variable disease pathology in a petri dish.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729125214.htm

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 08:01AM
SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC TIMES

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The new, third edition of the WHO's Mental Health Gap Action Program offers 30 updated and 18 new guidelines for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. https://t.co/rpRpYkiCgK

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 08:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

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TITLE: Both men and women tend to work more hours if their partner is a woman

URL: https://www.psypost.org/both-men-and-women-tend-to-work-more-hours-if-their-partner-is-a-woman/

A recent study published in the American Sociological Review has found that both men and women tend to work more hours if their romantic partner is a woman. The research also revealed that women reduce their work hours when caring for a child, but this reduction is smaller if their partner is also a woman. These findings provide new insights into how gender dynamics within relationships influence labor market behavior.

Probably since the dawn of humanity, males and females tended to have different roles in their households and to engage in different types of work. Traditionally, men undertook tasks requiring greater physical strength and performed them outside the household, while women specialized in childcare and domestic tasks. In modern times, this division evolved, with men primarily engaging in paid labor outside the home and women focusing on domestic work.

Over the past century, women’s participation in the labor force has significantly increased. Despite this progress, studies continue to show that women, on average, still do a greater share of housework and spend less time in the labor market compared to men. Interestingly, single men and women tend to spend similar amounts of time in paid work, but this changes when they form partnerships. Maintaining a family and household necessitates both financial and domestic contributions, leading couples to often specialize in different roles.

Study author Eva Jaspers and her colleagues wanted to explore how much time women and men spend in paid labor depending on whether their partner is a male or a female. Their hypotheses were that both men and women will spend more time in paid labor if their partner is a woman and that they will work less if they have children, but that the reduction will be less if their partner is a woman. They also expected that individuals who spend more time in paid work will tend to have partners who also spend more time doing paid work, but that this association will be weaker if the partner is a woman.

The researchers analyzed data collected by Statistics Netherlands from 1995 to 2020. Each individual in the dataset was assigned a unique identification number, allowing the researchers to link information from various administrative registers. This included legal data indicating a committed relationship, demographic data, and labor market engagement data. Indicators of being in a committed relationship included being partners in a pension plan, having a joint legal child, being tax partners, and having a notarial cohabitation agreement.

The study focused on individuals who had both a male and a female partner during the study period (not simultaneously) and lived with each of them for at least a year. The researchers also noted whether a person first had a male partner and then switched to a female one, or vice versa.

The analysis was restricted to people who were between 25 and 29 years old in January 2006 (so that they were between 40 and 44 by the end of the study period) and who resided in the Netherlands throughout the entire period. The age range was chosen because most people have entered the labor market by age 25, while the upper limit was selected due to data availability. The researchers also excluded any years in which a person was at least partially self-employed, as they could not accurately determine work hours in such cases. This resulted in a final sample of 2,871 men and 2,101 women, totaling 4,972 individuals.

The results showed that these individuals spent most of the study period in different-sex relationships. Men were partnered with women 75% of the observed months, while women had male partners 63% of the observed months.

Both men and women worked more hours when their partner was a woman. On average, women worked 7 hours more per month when their partner was a woman, and men worked 21 hours more per month in the same scenario.

There was an association between the hours worked by partners in a relationship. However, this association was weaker for men with female partners. Individuals who worked more hours tended to have partners who also worked more hours per month. Women reduced their work hours more significantly when caring for a child compared to men, but this reduction was smaller if their partner was a woman. Men’s working hours were not significantly affected by having a child, regardless of their partner’s gender.

“Our study consistently showed that it is not only an individual’s own gender but also their partner’s gender that contributes to labor supply. We have shown that individuals who have committed relationships with both women and men display systematically different behavior with their female than with their male partners. We theorized that this pattern is due to an orientation toward producing not only one’s own gender identity by performing gender typed tasks, but also to the partner’s gender identity by protecting their production of gender-typed tasks,” the study authors concluded.

The study sheds light on the potential effects of partners on labor market participation. However, the design does not allow for definitive cause-and-effect conclusions. Additionally, since all participants are likely bisexual, results might differ for individuals of other sexual orientations. Future research could further explore these dynamics in different cultural and labor market contexts to enhance our understanding of how partner’s gender influences labor market behavior.

The research, “Doing Genders: Partner’s Gender and Labor Market Behavior,” was authored by Eva Jaspers, Deni Mazrekaj, and Weverthon Machado.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/both-men-and-women-tend-to-work-more-hours-if-their-partner-is-a-woman/

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DATE: July 31, 2024 at 05:14AM
SOURCE:
NEW YORK TIMES PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGISTS FEED

TITLE: A.I.’s Benefits Outweigh the Risks

URL: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/31/opinion/ai-fears.html

Machines are no match for the human brain.

URL: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/31/opinion/ai-fears.html

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 01:49PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Working from home is stifling innovation

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134902.htm

Remote and hybrid working may be great for employees' work-life balance, but it may be stifling innovation, according to new research.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134902.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 01:48PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: A tool for visualizing single-cell data

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134849.htm

Modern cutting-edge research generates enormous amounts of data, presenting scientists with the challenge of visualizing and analyzing it. Researchers have developed a tool for visualizing large data sets. The sCIRCLE tool allows users to explore single-cell analysis data in an interactive and user-friendly way.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134849.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 01:48PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Using the term 'artificial intelligence' in product descriptions reduces purchase intentions

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134844.htm

Companies may unintentionally hurt their sales by including the words 'artificial intelligence' when describing their offerings that use the technology, according to a recent study. Researchers conducted experimental surveys with more than 1,000 adults in the U.S. to evaluate the relationship between AI disclosure and consumer behavior. The findings consistently showed products described as using artificial intelligence were less popular.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134844.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 01:48PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: 'Holiday' or 'Vacation': Similar language leads to more cooperation

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134841.htm

'Holiday' or 'vacation', 'to start' or 'to begin', 'my friend's cat' or 'the cat of my friend' -- in our language, there are different ways of expressing the same things and concepts. But can the choice of a particular variant determine whether we prefer to cooperate with certain people rather than with others? A research team investigated this and showed that people are more likely to co-operate with others if they make similar linguistic choices in a conversation. The experiment suggests that the decisive factor is probably the feeling of belonging to the same social group.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134841.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 04:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: Drivers of heavier vehicles are more prone to reckless driving, study finds

URL: https://www.psypost.org/drivers-of-heavier-vehicles-are-more-prone-to-reckless-driving-study-finds/

A recent study published in Marketing Letters reveals a connection between the size of a vehicle and the driving habits of its owner. The study, conducted using national data from Israel, found that drivers of larger, heavier vehicles are more likely to receive speeding tickets, suggesting a tendency towards riskier driving behavior.

The research was sparked by the ongoing trend towards larger, heavier vehicles, such as SUVs and pickups, on the roads. While these vehicles are generally perceived to be safer for their occupants in the event of a crash, they pose a greater risk to pedestrians and other road users. The researchers wanted to understand if the increased sense of safety that comes with driving a larger vehicle could lead to more reckless driving habits.

The study leveraged comprehensive national data from the Ministry of Transport and Road Safety in Israel, encompassing all active passenger vehicles and police-issued speeding tickets over the course of 2018. This extensive dataset provided detailed information on each vehicle’s characteristics, such as mass, horsepower, fuel type, and the number of speeding tickets issued. The data represented 2,162,525 vehicles across 3,095 unique configurations, providing a robust foundation for the analysis.

To accurately determine the relationship between vehicle mass and speeding behavior, the researchers employed a two-stage least-squares (2SLS) regression model. This model was chosen to control for potential endogeneity, where riskier drivers might be more likely to purchase larger vehicles.

In the first stage, vehicle mass was predicted using an instrumental variable, the weighted average price of each vehicle configuration. In the second stage, the predicted vehicle mass was used to estimate its effect on the number of speeding tickets. This approach allowed the researchers to isolate the impact of vehicle size on speeding behavior while controlling for various other vehicle attributes such as horsepower, gear type, fuel type, and safety features.

The study revealed a significant positive association between vehicle mass and the number of speeding tickets. Specifically, the results indicated that for every one percent increase in vehicle mass, the expected number of speeding tickets per vehicle increased by 0.024. This suggests that drivers of larger, heavier vehicles are more prone to speeding violations.

Further analysis showed that this relationship held true across different types of traffic violations, not just speeding. This consistency across various infractions supports the notion that the perceived safety of larger vehicles leads to a broader increase in reckless driving behavior. For example, violations such as phone usage while driving, failure to fasten seatbelts, and disobeying traffic signals were also positively associated with vehicle mass.

To ensure robustness, the researchers conducted additional tests. They examined speeding tickets issued by both police cars and traffic enforcement cameras, finding consistent results across these different enforcement methods.

They also segmented the data by vehicle category and transmission type, observing the positive association between vehicle mass and speeding tickets in most segments. Moreover, an alternative instrumental variable, the vehicle’s towing capacity, was used in the analysis, and the findings remained consistent, further validating the robustness of the results.

The study, “Is vehicle weight associated with risky driving behavior? Analysis of complete national records,” was authored by Aviv Steren, Stav Rosenzweig, and Ofir D. Rubin.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/drivers-of-heavier-vehicles-are-more-prone-to-reckless-driving-study-finds/

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DATE: July 25, 2024 at 03:48PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Early onset dementia more common than previously reported -- the incidence of Alzheimer's disease seems to be on the rise

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240725154819.htm

A new study explored early-onset dementia in the working-age population in Finland.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240725154819.htm

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DATE: July 25, 2024 at 03:48PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Does fertility affect a woman's body odor?

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240725154810.htm

Who we choose as a partner depends in part on who we find attractive on the outside. Scientists have long wondered whether potential partners can also sense a woman's fertility, for example through subtle changes in her body odor. Researchers have now turned their attention to this question. In a new study, they not only looked at how men rated women's odors on different days, but also, for the first time, carried out a chemical analysis of the odour samples. Using both methods, they found no evidence that women smell more attractive to men on their fertile days.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240725154810.htm

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DATE: July 25, 2024 at 03:47PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Exploring consciousness with eureka moments

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240725154752.htm

We all know what it's like when the penny suddenly drops. Animals too experience such moments of insight. They could prove useful for research of consciousness.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240725154752.htm

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 02:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: This common mental health condition increases the risk of dementia by 74%, study linds

URL: https://www.psypost.org/this-common-mental-health-condition-increases-the-risk-of-dementia-by-74-study-linds/

A recent study published in the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry reveals a significant link between depression and an increased risk of developing dementia. Conducted over 15 years, the study found that people with depression at the start of the study were 74% more likely to develop dementia than those without depression. Additionally, the onset of dementia occurred about two years earlier in individuals with depression. These findings underscore the importance of early detection and treatment of depression to potentially prevent future cognitive decline.

The global population is aging rapidly, with the number of people aged 65 and older projected to double from 703 million in 2019 to 1.5 billion by 2050. This demographic shift is expected to lead to a significant increase in the number of people with dementia, from 47.5 million in 2015 to an estimated 135.46 million by 2050. With approximately 7.7 million new cases of dementia anticipated each year, understanding and mitigating risk factors for dementia has become a public health priority.

Dementia is a general term for a decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life. It encompasses a range of symptoms, including memory loss, difficulty with problem-solving, language issues, and impaired reasoning and judgment.

Dementia is caused by damage to brain cells and can result from various diseases or conditions, with Alzheimer’s disease being the most common cause. While it primarily affects older adults, it is not a normal part of aging.

Previous research has suggested a possible link between depression and dementia, but the exact nature of this relationship has been debated. Some studies suggest that depression could be an early symptom of dementia, while others propose that it might be a risk factor or a complication of dementia. The current study aimed to clarify this relationship by examining whether depression at baseline increases the risk of developing dementia over a long-term follow-up period.

“I have been a geriatrician for about 10 years. I believe that to confirm in a large population study that depression could be a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment is of importance,” said study author Nicola Veronese, an associate professor at the University of Palermo.

“Depression, in fact, differently from dementia, is a condition sensitive to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. I hope that our study encourages further research in checking if to reverse depression is able to decrease the risk of dementia.”

The study utilized data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), a large, multidisciplinary, cross-national panel study. The SHARE study includes a representative sample of individuals aged 50 and older from 27 European countries and Israel. The data was collected through multiple waves of the survey, beginning between 2004 and 2006 and continuing until 2019/2020.

Participants were assessed for depressive symptoms using the EURO-D scale, a 12-item questionnaire that measures various aspects of depression, including pessimism, sleep quality, and concentration. A score of 4 or higher on the EURO-D scale was indicative of depression.

The onset of dementia was determined through self-reports or reports from caregivers or family members, who were asked whether a doctor had diagnosed the participant with Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, or senility. Cognitive impairment was assessed using a combination of memory recall and verbal fluency tasks, with participants who performed significantly below age-graded norms being classified as cognitively impaired.

Among the 22,789 participants included in the study, 24.9% were identified as having depression at baseline. These participants were generally older, more likely to be female, less likely to be married or educated, and had higher rates of chronic diseases and limitations in daily activities.

Over the 15-year follow-up period, 1,419 participants developed dementia, corresponding to an incidence rate of 7.31 per 1,000 person-years. The study found that the presence of depression at baseline significantly increased the risk of dementia by 74%. This association was particularly strong in younger participants, with those under 60 years old being twice as likely to develop dementia if they had depression.

“The main take-home message is that depression has cognitive aspects that must be considered every time that we approach a person affected by this condition,” Veronese told PsyPost.

Interestingly, the study also found that specific symptoms of depression, such as loss of concentration, were strong predictors of dementia. Other symptoms, like pessimism and fatigue, were also associated with an increased risk, while poor sleep was not.

“I was surprised that not only depression, but also specific items of the tool used for the detection of depression may predict the onset of dementia,” Veronese said.

Despite its large sample size and long follow-up period, the study has some limitations. Firstly, the assessment of depression was based on self-reported symptoms rather than clinical diagnoses, which could introduce bias. Similarly, the diagnosis of dementia was also self-reported, which might not capture all cases accurately. The study did not distinguish between different types of dementia, which could have different risk profiles related to depression.

“The SHARE study was not designed to specifically explore the relationship between depression and dementia: their diagnoses are only based on tools or self-reported information that can introduce a bias in our findings,” Veronese explained.

Another limitation is the potential for reverse causation, where early symptoms of dementia could be mistaken for depression. Although the study attempted to address this by excluding cases of dementia diagnosed within the first five years of follow-up, this remains a possibility.

Future research should focus on confirming these findings in other populations and exploring whether treating depression can reduce the risk of dementia, Veronese said. Studies could also aim to identify the biological mechanisms linking depression and dementia. For example, examining the role of inflammation, hormonal changes, and genetic predispositions could provide insights into how these conditions are connected.

The study, “Association between depression and incident dementia: Longitudinal findings from the share study,” was authored by Nicola Veronese, Lee Smith, Ai Koyanagi, Pinar Soysal, Christoph Mueller, Chiara Maria Errera, Giusy Vassallo, Laura Vernuccio, Giuseppina Catanese, Marco Solmi, Ligia J. Dominguez, and Mario Barbagallo.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/this-common-mental-health-condition-increases-the-risk-of-dementia-by-74-study-linds/

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: Polyphenols from coffee ameliorate cognitive deficits caused by stress

URL: https://www.psypost.org/polyphenols-from-coffee-ameliorate-cognitive-deficits-caused-by-stress/

A recent study published in Neurobiology of Stress found that chronic early-life stress can lead to neuroinflammation and reduce the capacity of the hippocampus to create new neurons, resulting in cognitive deficits. However, supplementing the diet with 0.02% chlorogenic acid and 0.02% caffeic acid—both coffee polyphenols—can mitigate these adverse effects in mice.

Coffee polyphenols are bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties found in coffee, including chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and lignans. These compounds help protect cells from oxidative stress and reduce inflammation, which can lower the risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Studies have also shown that coffee polyphenols can improve metabolic health by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing blood glucose levels. Additionally, they support cognitive function and may protect against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Two key polyphenolic compounds in coffee are chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Chlorogenic acid is particularly abundant and has been linked to improved glucose metabolism and a reduced risk of chronic diseases. Caffeic acid, while less prevalent, also contributes to coffee’s health benefits by protecting cells from oxidative stress.

Study author Jorine Geertsema and her colleagues aimed to determine whether supplementing the diet of growing mice with chlorogenic and caffeic acid could protect against cognitive deficits induced by chronic early-life stress. Previous studies have shown that early stress can reduce the brain’s ability to produce new neurons (a process called hippocampal neurogenesis) and increase inflammation, leading to cognitive decline in adulthood. This study sought to explore the protective potential of coffee polyphenols against these adverse effects.

The study involved 47 male mice divided into four groups. Two groups were fed a standard grain-based diet, while the other two groups were given the same diet supplemented with 0.02% chlorogenic acid and 0.02% caffeic acid from the second to the forty-second day after birth. The mice were weaned at 21 days and continued on their respective diets until day 42, after which all groups were switched to a standard diet.

Within each pair of dietary groups, one group was exposed to early-life stress. This stress was induced by limiting the bedding material available to the mice and placing a steel grid mesh 1 cm above the bedding.

At four months of age, the mice underwent behavioral tests to assess their cognitive function. These tests included the object recognition task (ORT), the object location task (OLT), and the Morris water maze (MWM). After the behavioral tests, the researchers analyzed the mice’s brain tissue to determine the quantities of microglia cells (the brain’s immune cells) and the effectiveness of hippocampal neurogenesis.

The results showed that mice exposed to early-life stress gained less weight in the initial days of life. However, those that received the polyphenol-supplemented diet gained more weight during this period compared to those on the standard diet. By day 42, these weight differences had disappeared.

Behavioral tests conducted in adulthood confirmed that early-life stress led to cognitive deficits and a reduction in microglia cells in the hippocampus. However, this was only true for mice that were fed the standard diet. The mice on the polyphenol-supplemented diet did not exhibit these cognitive deficits or reductions in microglia cells.

The study authors believe that the coffee polyphenols protected the mice from cognitive deficits by supporting the survival of microglia cells in the brain. The protective effects could also be attributed to other mechanisms related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of chlorogenic and caffeic acids.

“The supplementation of polyphenols in a diet emerges as a promising avenue for nutritional intervention in the context of mitigating the detrimental cognitive effects of ES [early stress] in males which are associated with microglial changes,” the study authors concluded.

The study sheds light on the effects of two coffee polyphenols on ameliorating cognitive decline caused by early-life stress. However, this study was done on mice and not on humans. Although mice share many physiological similarities with humans, they are different species, and the effects on humans may not be identical.

Future research should investigate whether these findings can be replicated in humans and explore the precise mechanisms through which coffee polyphenols exert their protective effects. Additionally, it would be valuable to study the potential benefits of these compounds in females and their effects when administered at different life stages.

The paper, “Coffee polyphenols ameliorate early-life stress-induced cognitive deficits in male mice,” was authored by J. Geertsema, M. Kratochvil, R. González-Domínguez, S. Lefèvre-Arbogast, D.Y. Low, A. Du Preez, H. Lee, M. Urpi-Sarda, A. Sánchez-Pla, L. Aigner, C. Samieri, C. Andres-Lacueva, C. Manach, S. Thuret, P.J. Lucassen, and A. Korosi.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/polyphenols-from-coffee-ameliorate-cognitive-deficits-caused-by-stress/

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 10:54AM
SOURCE:
NEW YORK TIMES PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGISTS FEED

TITLE: How to Exercise to Improve Your Mood

URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/30/well/move/exercise-boost-mood.html

Physical activity can brighten your outlook and calm your nerves — if you do it strategically.

URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/30/well/move/exercise-boost-mood.html

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 10:03AM
SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC TIMES

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How do psychopaths really think? It turns out that the facts that psychopaths themselves tell differ from the facts presented in the results of almost all scientific studies of this group. https://t.co/kcW7nf9q42

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 10:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: Do voters judge candidates by race? Here’s what the data says

URL: https://www.psypost.org/do-voters-judge-candidates-by-race-heres-what-the-data-says/

Do voters assess political candidates differently based on their race or ethnicity? A recent meta-analysis, published in Acta Politica, sought to answer this by pooling data from 43 experiments conducted over the past decade. The findings reveal that, generally, voters do not assess racial or ethnic minority candidates differently from their white counterparts. These results challenge the notion that racial bias significantly impacts the electoral prospects of minority candidates.

The study, spearheaded by Sanne van Oosten, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford specializing in voting behavior and diversity in politics, aimed to shed light on how voters perceive candidates of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Previous studies had shown mixed results, with some suggesting that racial and ethnic minority candidates face discrimination, while others indicated that such candidates might benefit from positive stereotyping. The researchers sought to clarify these conflicting findings by pooling data from multiple experiments and conducting a comprehensive meta-analysis.

A meta-analysis is a statistical method that combines the results of multiple studies to derive a more comprehensive understanding of a particular research question. It is used to increase the overall sample size and statistical power, thereby providing more robust and generalizable findings than any single study alone. Meta-analyses are particularly useful for resolving inconsistencies across different studies and for identifying patterns and overall effects that might not be apparent in individual research projects.

To compile a robust dataset, the researchers conducted a systematic search of political science journals for candidate experiments published between 2012 and 2022. These experiments involved presenting respondents with profiles of fictional political candidates, with their race or ethnicity being randomly varied. Respondents were then asked about their voting preferences and their evaluations of the candidates.

The final selection included 43 studies, with data from over 305,000 observations. The researchers obtained original datasets from the majority of these studies and standardized the results for consistent analysis. For studies where datasets were unavailable, they used the published results. Most of the studies had been conducted in the United States.

The researchers found that, on average, voters did not significantly differentiate between racial or ethnic minority candidates and white candidates. The overall effect size of 0.235 percentage points in favor of minority candidates was not statistically significant, suggesting that race and ethnicity do not play a major role in voter assessments for most minority groups.

“I had expected major discrimination from voters. These outcomes were very surprising to me,” van Oosten told PsyPost.

When examining specific racial and ethnic groups separately, a more nuanced picture emerged. For instance, Asian candidates in the United States were evaluated slightly more positively than their white counterparts, with an effect size of 0.76 percentage points. Although this effect was statistically significant, it was substantively small, indicating only a marginal preference for Asian candidates.

The findings also highlighted the importance of shared racial or ethnic identity between voters and candidates. Voters tended to evaluate candidates of the same race or ethnicity 7.9 percentage points higher than candidates of different racial or ethnic backgrounds. This significant positive effect underscores the role of in-group favoritism in voter behavior, suggesting that voters feel a stronger connection to and preference for candidates who share their racial or ethnic identity.

“Don’t worry about nominating a woman or person of color, voters actually like that,” van Oosten said.

So why is there an underrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities in politics? The researchers pointed to supply-side factors as a potential explanation for the underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities in politics. Despite the lack of significant voter bias against minority candidates, there might be fewer minority candidates available or selected for political office, which could contribute to their lower representation.

While the study provides comprehensive insights into how race and ethnicity influence voter evaluations, it is important to consider potential caveats. One significant limitation is the possibility of social desirability bias, where participants may underreport their biases to appear more socially acceptable, thereby skewing the results. Additionally, the study primarily measures first impressions of hypothetical candidates rather than actual voting behavior, which may not fully capture the complexities and dynamics of real-world elections.

Nevertheless, the findings challenge the notion that racial bias significantly disadvantages minority candidates in the eyes of voters. Instead, the slight preference for Asian candidates and the significant effect of shared identity suggest a more complex interplay of factors influencing voter behavior.

The study, “Race/Ethnicity in Candidate Experiments: a Meta-Analysis and the Case for Shared Identification,” was authored by Sanne van Oosten, Liza Mügge, and Daphne van der Pas.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/do-voters-judge-candidates-by-race-heres-what-the-data-says/

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 09:41AM
SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC TIMES

Direct article link at end of text block below.

The FDA has approved Erzofri, a paliperidone palmitate extended-release injectable suspension for the treatment of adults with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. https://t.co/tJT3Oi6YR0

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 08:02AM
SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC TIMES

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According to a new survey, almost 1 in 4 American adults in mental distress reported not seeing a doctor because of the cost. https://t.co/zBUhNY7JOj

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 08:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

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TITLE: Scientists prove Alfred Hitchcock right, shedding light on a fundamental aspect of anxiety

URL: https://www.psypost.org/scientists-prove-alfred-hitchcock-right-shedding-light-on-a-fundamental-aspect-of-anxiety/

Anticipation can be more terrifying than the actual event. This idea, famously captured by filmmaker and “master of suspense” Alfred Hitchcock, has now been scientifically explored by researchers at the University of California, Davis. Their recent study, published in the journal Computational Psychiatry, reveals that the hazard rate—the increasing likelihood that a negative event will occur as time passes—intensifies anxiety more than the actual probability of the event itself.

The motivation behind this study stemmed from a fundamental need to understand the mechanics of anxiety, a condition that affects a substantial portion of the global population. Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health issues, often leading to significant distress and impairment in daily functioning.

Despite their prevalence, the underlying mechanisms, particularly how uncertainty exacerbates anxiety, remain poorly understood. This gap in knowledge inspired researchers at the University of California, Davis, to investigate how different aspects of uncertainty contribute to the intensity of anticipatory fear.

The researchers were particularly interested in the concept of hazard rate — the perceived likelihood of an adverse event occurring as time progresses. Traditional studies on anxiety often focused on the probability of an event, but the UC Davis researchers hypothesized that the timing of the uncertainty could play a crucial role in the intensity of anxiety experienced.

The study involved 42 volunteers who participated in a virtual environment. In this environment, they could receive mild electric shocks at unpredictable times. Participants were incentivized to stay in the environment with a small cash reward, earning one cent per second, but they had the option to leave at any time to avoid the shock.

To isolate the effect of hazard rate, the researchers created two distinct scenarios. In the first scenario, the shock could occur at any moment within a ten-second window, making the hazard rate high because the likelihood of the shock increased as time passed.

“If you know something is going to happen, as time goes on the hazard rate goes up because you know it didn’t happen earlier,” said senior author Andrew S. Fox, an associate professor of psychology at UC Davis. “The hazard rate is always going to be higher if you don’t know when it is going to happen.”

In the second scenario, there was a countdown to the shock, so participants knew exactly when the shock would occur, making the hazard rate low until the countdown ended. Both scenarios had the same overall probability of receiving a shock, but the perceived timing of the threat differed.

Participants’ behavior and self-reported anxiety levels were monitored throughout the experiment. The researchers measured how often participants chose to leave the environment to avoid the shock and collected subjective anxiety ratings at various points during the experiment. This allowed the researchers to compare the impact of high and low hazard rates on both the decision to avoid the shock and the experienced level of anxiety.

The researchers discovered that participants’ anxiety levels were more strongly influenced by the hazard rate than by the actual probability of receiving a shock. In the scenario where the shock could occur at any moment (high hazard rate), participants reported significantly higher levels of anxiety compared to the scenario with a countdown (low hazard rate). This was evident from both their self-reported anxiety ratings and their behavior.

Participants were more likely to opt out of the high hazard rate scenario to avoid the shock, despite the overall probability of receiving a shock being the same in both scenarios. This behavior indicated that the anticipation of a potential threat, when its timing was uncertain, was more anxiety-inducing than the certainty of an impending threat. The data showed that as the perceived likelihood of the shock increased over time, so did the participants’ anxiety, leading them to forgo the potential monetary reward to avoid the anticipated shock.

“At each experimental time point, the threat hazard rate mapped almost perfectly to our participants’ behavior, whereas the momentary threat probabilities had no predictive value whatsoever,” explained co-author Dan Holley, a graduate student. “The volunteers also reported feeling significantly more anxious in the higher hazard rate environment.”

These results suggest that our brains are wired to track hazard rates as a survival mechanism. This tracking likely evolved to help us anticipate and avoid threats in our environment, even if those threats are not immediate.

“Imagine a gazelle on the Serengeti,” Holley explained. “As a matter of survival, it could keep its head down and graze a little longer, but the tradeoff is that it’s a bit more likely to be attacked by a lion.”

The longer the gazelle grazes, the more the hazard rate increases. “Something in its mind must be tracking the hazard rate and guiding its behavior accordingly,” Holley said.

The study’s findings provide a clearer understanding of how uncertainty and the perception of increasing threat contribute to anxiety. By focusing on hazard rates, the researchers were able to pinpoint a specific aspect of uncertainty that drives anxiety, offering new insights that could inform more effective treatments for anxiety disorders.

“Our model echoes Hitchcock’s insight: Sustained anticipation of a negative event can lead to mounting anxiety as the hazard rate increases,” the researchers concluded. “Anxious psychopathology is often characterized by emotional distress in putatively safe contexts, leading to avoidance and missed opportunities. Our model suggests hazard rate estimates can disproportionately increase in response to imagined or exceptionally rare threats.”

“This opens the door to identifying the precise mechanisms that lead to maladaptive avoidance and emotional distress characteristic of pathological anxiety by dissociating the probability of threat, hazard rate computations, and uncertainty per se. This computational re-imagining of uncertainty—a transdiagnostic marker of anxiety—provides a tractable framework for basic and clinical research aimed at understanding, preventing, and treating these conditions.”

The study, “Temporal Dynamics of Uncertainty Cause Anxiety and Avoidance,” was authored by Dan Holley, Erica A. Varga, Erie D. Boorman, and Andrew S. Fox.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/scientists-prove-alfred-hitchcock-right-shedding-light-on-a-fundamental-aspect-of-anxiety/

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 06:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: Public display of offensive political products linked to heightened psychopathy

URL: https://www.psypost.org/public-display-of-offensive-political-products-linked-to-heightened-psychopathy/

Political tensions in the United States have brought to light a behavior known as “ideological poking.” This term refers to the public display of products that carry messages designed to offend political opponents. Recent research published in the Journal of Research in Personality has found a link between this behavior and one of the so-called Dark Triad personality traits: psychopathy.

Given the intense negative feelings and distrust between political groups in the United States, understanding why some individuals actively choose to display offensive political messages became a pertinent question. The researchers particularly focused on the Dark Triad traits — Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy — due to their known associations with aggressive and manipulative behaviors.

“Political polarization and the outgroup animosity it engenders are on the rise in the U.S. and abroad. Though individuals with darker personality traits have always existed, it’s important to understand whether and what role they play in contributing to current political tensions,” explained study author Matejas Mackin, a PhD student at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.

To examine ideological poking, the researchers conducted two studies. They recruited participants from Prolific, an online platform, to ensure a diverse sample of U.S. residents. In the first study, 299 participants were surveyed, with a balanced representation of political affiliations (45% identified as Democrats and 48% as Republicans), gender (76% female and 24% male), and ethnic backgrounds.

To measure the Dark Triad traits, the researchers used the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale. This 12-item scale captures individual differences in these traits through statements such as “I tend to manipulate others to get my way” for Machiavellianism, “I tend to want others to admire me” for narcissism, and “I tend to be unconcerned with the morality of my actions” for psychopathy.

For the ideological poking measure, participants viewed eight bumper stickers with messages insulting political opponents. They were asked to rate their willingness to display each sticker in public using a seven-point scale. The stimuli were adjusted based on the participant’s political orientation to ensure relevance; Republicans saw bumper stickers insulting Democrats and vice versa (e.g. “Trump 2020: Make Liberals Cry Again,” “Against All Enemies; Foreign and Republican.”)

In the second study, 200 participants were again recruited from Prolific, maintaining a balanced political affiliation and demographic diversity. This study aimed to replicate and extend the findings of the first study with several improvements. Instead of using the Dirty Dozen scale, the researchers used the P7 and M7 scales for psychopathy and Machiavellianism, respectively, addressing concerns that the previous measures conflated the two constructs.

Participants also rated different types of ideological poking products, such as t-shirts, hats, and buttons, and indicated their willingness to display these products in various contexts, including in front of political ingroup members, outgroup members, and in private.

The findings from both studies revealed a consistent pattern. In the first study, psychopathy was the only Dark Triad trait that significantly predicted the willingness to display offensive political bumper stickers. This suggests that individuals with higher levels of psychopathy are more likely to engage in ideological poking.

“Dark dispositions are associated with more offensive forms of political expression,” Mackin told PsyPost. “In other words, while there are certainly social and political factors that contribute to more polarized forms of expression, the dispositions people bring to the table are also relevant”

The second study confirmed and extended these findings. Psychopathy again emerged as the strongest predictor of ideological poking, regardless of the audience context. Machiavellianism showed a weaker but still positive association with the willingness to display offensive products, hinting at some involvement. Narcissism, however, remained unrelated to ideological poking across all contexts.

“We found that psychopathy predicted the public display of offensive political products around both ingroup and outgroup members, suggesting that individuals with darker personality traits may use such products both to derogate political opponents and to affirm their ingroup,” Mackin noted.

Despite the insightful findings, there are some caveats to consider. For instance, the sample was limited to U.S. residents, raising questions about whether these findings are applicable to other cultural contexts. Future research could explore whether these patterns hold in different countries with varying levels of political tension. Researchers might also investigate other factors that could interact with personality traits to influence ideological poking, such as media consumption or social network influences.

“The ultimate goal of my work is to understand why we are polarized and develop interventions to address political polarization and the outgroup animosity it engenders,” Mackin said. “To be sure, disagreeing with and disliking the other side is often reasonable, but at the extreme it can fray the fabric of democratic society. Thus, understanding the social and dispositional factors that contribute to polarization is increasingly relevant and necessary.”

The study, “The Dark Triad predicts public display of offensive political products,” was authored by Matejas Mackin and Neal J. Roese.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/public-display-of-offensive-political-products-linked-to-heightened-psychopathy/

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DATE: July 30, 2024 at 05:35AM
SOURCE: SOCIALPSYCHOLOGY.ORG

TITLE: Nearly a Quarter of Adolescent Girls Suffer Partner Violence, Study Finds

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181557&url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-07-29/nearly-a-quarter-of-adolescent-girls-suffer-partner-violence-who-study-finds

Source: U.S. News and World Report

Around a quarter of adolescent girls who have been in relationships have endured physical or sexual violence, a World Health Organization study said Tuesday, calling for more prevention actions. The analysis appeared in The Lancet medical journal and was based on surveys from thousands of girls aged 15 to 19 from 154 countries and areas. It found that 24% of them had been subjected to intimate partner violence at least once, and 16% in the past...

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181557&url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-07-29/nearly-a-quarter-of-adolescent-girls-suffer-partner-violence-who-study-finds

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DATE: July 25, 2024 at 03:46PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Can a computer tell patients how their multiple sclerosis will progress?

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240725154636.htm

Machine learning models can reliably inform clinicians about the disability progression of multiple sclerosis, according to a new study published this week in the open-access journal PLOS Digital Health by Edward De Brouwer of KU Leuven, Belgium, and colleagues.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240725154636.htm

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DATE: July 29, 2024 at 08:27AM
SOURCE: SOCIALPSYCHOLOGY.ORG

TITLE: Record Number of Openly LGBTQ+ Athletes Compete in the Olympics

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181540&url=https://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2024-07-29/a-record-191-openly-lgbtq-athletes-are-competing-in-the-2024-olympics

Source: U.S. News and World Report

A record number of athletes openly identifying as LGBTQ+ are competing in the 2024 Paris Olympics, a huge leap during a competition that organizers have pushed to center around inclusion and diversity. There are 191 athletes this year publicly saying they are gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer, or nonbinary, according to Outsports, a group that compiles a database of openly queer Olympians, the vast majority of whom are women.

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181540&url=https://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2024-07-29/a-record-191-openly-lgbtq-athletes-are-competing-in-the-2024-olympics

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DATE: July 25, 2024 at 03:47PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Last decade saw big decrease in teens who used commonly prescribed and misused prescription drugs

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240725154730.htm

Since 2009, U.S. high school seniors have reported steep declines in medical use, misuse and availability of the three most commonly prescribed and misused controlled substances for teens, a new study found.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240725154730.htm

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DATE: July 29, 2024 at 11:03AM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Researchers use non-invasive technique to record involuntary nervous system

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729110300.htm

A research team has shown that a wearable, non-invasive device can measure activity in human cervical nerves in clinical settings. The results could help medical professionals tailor treatments for inflammatory conditions like sepsis and PTSD.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729110300.htm

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DATE: July 29, 2024 at 05:34PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Everyday activities aren't enough to protect against stroke

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729173436.htm

Research shows that the physical activities we do as we go about our lives, at work or in the home, aren't enough to protect us from having a stroke. However, exercising in our free time and using active modes of transport are associated with a decreased risk of stroke.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729173436.htm

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DATE: July 29, 2024 at 10:42AM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Fatty acids in umbilical cord blood might cause autism spectrum disorder, study suggests

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729104241.htm

Researchers have found a significant link between the levels of specific dihydroxy fatty acids in umbilical cord blood and ASD symptoms. Their findings highlight the role of these metabolites in the developmental trajectory of ASD and could pave the way for early diagnostic techniques and a better understanding of ASD pathophysiology.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729104241.htm

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DATE: July 29, 2024 at 10:42AM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Every minute counts: Rapid and accurate prediction model for cardiac arrest treatment

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729104230.htm

Scientists have developed the R-EDByUS score, a new model predicting neurological outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients using prehospital data only. The model allows for rapid decision-making upon hospital arrival, enhancing patient care and resource allocation. This innovation marks a significant advancement in emergency medical treatment.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729104230.htm

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DATE: July 29, 2024 at 05:34PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY PSYCHOLOGY FEED

TITLE: Fetal brain impacted when mom fights severe flu: New mouse study explains how

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729173408.htm

New research using live mouse-adapted influenza virus improves upon previous mouse experiments to explain how maternal infection impacts fetal brain development. The study also indicates fetal brain changes are more likely once the severity of the mother's infection meets a specific threshold.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240729173408.htm

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