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Tissue microarray (TMA) refers to the relocation of multiple tissues blocks to observe multiple samples on the same slide. TMA contains biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA or RNA in their preserved state, providing a high-throughput platform for quick analysis of molecular markers associated with disease...

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens are mainly used by the medical community and researchers to preserve biopsy samples in formaldehyde and then embed them into paraffin wax blocks. This process preserves the proteins and structures of the tissue. After storing it into a block, thin slices of the FFPE block...

In situ hybridization is a technique for detecting the expression pattern of a particular gene sequence in cells or tissues using a complimentary sequence known as a probe. The probe is typically labeled with a fluorochrome or an enzyme, so it can be detected either by using a fluorescent microscope or with a bright field...

β-Arrestin recruitment is a ubiquitous mechanism of negative regulation of GPCR signaling, which has been demonstrated for almost all GPCRs. Recently, β-arrestins have been shown to act as signaling scaffolds for numerous pathways, such as Akt, c-Src, and ERK 1/2, in a G protein-independent manner. G protein and β-arrestin...

Histological staining plays a critical role in the visualization of tissue and cell structures. Living cells or fixed cells have very few inherent colors and only very small differences in the refractive indices of their component parts. By staining tissue sections, pathologists and researchers can view tissue morphology...

Amine-reactive dye CFSE (carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester, also known as CFDA-SE) is widely used in cell proliferation and in vivo cell tracking. CFSE is non-fluorescent until it enters viable cells, where it is hydrolyzed by cytoplasmic esterase enzymes to release fluorescent amine-reactive dyes. These dyes then...