🔴 Liars know they are lying: differentiating disinformation from disagreement
“We contend that the spread of misinformation—and in particular willful disinformation—is demonstrably harmful to public health, evidence-informed policymaking, and democratic processes. We also show that disinformation and outright lies can often be identified and differ from good-faith political contestation.”
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U.K.H., Cook, J. et al. Liars know they are lying: differentiating disinformation from disagreement. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11, 986 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03503-6