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The warring conmen at the heart of a €5bn carbon scam

Daphne and other scammers’ pillaging of Europe’s carbon market constitutes what the media have called “the fraud of the century” – billions of euros were stolen in a matter of months. The shadowy scheme attracted established crime rings and amateur hucksters alike, many of whom knew one another. Its web reached the boxing rings of Las Vegas, the offices of Germany’s biggest bank, the caves along the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan where Osama bin Laden was hiding and the gilded restaurants of Paris. It pulled in a playboy demi-celebrity, an Afghan refugee, a flashy street hustler, an immaculate businessman who hobnobbed with the queen of England, the doyenne of Marseille’s underground and a man some people called The Brain.

The Brain’s real name is Grégory Zaoui, and he claims that the entire scam was his idea. Daphne, he says, gets far too much credit for his role in ripping off the carbon market.

Zaoui agreed to meet me in Paris last May, at a restaurant in one of the city’s most luxurious hotels, the Lutetia, where a Coca-Cola costs €12 and an army of valets swarm the entrance. He wanted to set the record straight about his and Daphne’s respective roles in Europe’s carbon fraud. Until now, he told me, no one had truly understood the relationship between them.

“He is the prince,” Zaoui told me. “But I am the king.”

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This is the best summary I could come up with:


Its web reached the boxing rings of Las Vegas, the offices of Germany’s biggest bank, the caves along the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan where Osama bin Laden was hiding and the gilded restaurants of Paris.

It pulled in a playboy demi-celebrity, an Afghan refugee, a flashy street hustler, an immaculate businessman who hobnobbed with the queen of England, the doyenne of Marseille’s underground and a man some people called The Brain.

For a certain, highly influential, school of economists, the whole problem with the environment – the reason there’s air pollution and shitty water and pesticide contamination and industrial runoff – is that these things aren’t priced into any market.

Daphne told me that when Zaoui asked him for money in 2008, he had already set up a small apartment as an office in Tel Aviv and recruited a team of guys he knew to orchestrate carbon trades and funnel the stolen VAT to overseas accounts.

According to Marius-Cristian Frunza, a prominent VAT-fraud expert, between October 2008 and the following June, the CDC sent 13 statements of concern about 35 companies to Tracfin, the French government agency that analyses financial data for fraud.

Data put together by Frunza shows that the company made trades amounting to 65m tonnes’ worth of carbon – the same volume moved by financial giants Société General and Deutsche Bank, representing half the allowances distributed to French industries.


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