In Unix, there is a philosophy of small utilities that do their job well and are easy to integrate with each other. You don’t find one thing that does everything in Linux the same way you do with AD, but you might find something that does most of it.
I’d look at SSSD and FreeIPA, those are probably the closest you’ll get. Put in Ansible and you’ll be fine. You might also look at what Google can do on its own with ChromeOS