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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 05:15PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Stroke recovery: It's in the genes

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724171553.htm

New research has found that specific genes may be related to the trajectory of recovery for stroke survivors, providing doctors insights useful for developing targeted therapies.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724171553.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 05:15PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Does your body composition affect your risk of dementia or Parkinson's?

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724171545.htm

People with high levels of body fat stored in their belly or arms may be more likely to develop diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's than people with low levels of fat in these areas, according to new research. The study also found that people with a high level of muscle strength were less likely to develop these diseases than people with low muscle strength.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724171545.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 12:30PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Traffic-related ultrafine particles hinder mitochondrial functions in olfactory mucosa

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123042.htm

Ultrafine particles, UFPs, the smallest contributors to air pollution, hinder the function of mitochondria in human olfactory mucosa cells, a new study shows. The study showed that traffic-related UFPs impair mitochondrial functions in primary human olfactory mucosa cells by hampering oxidative phosphorylation and redox balance.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123042.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 12:30PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Language affects how quickly we perceive shades of color

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123040.htm

People who speak a language that has multiple words for different shades of colour perceive the shades more quickly.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123040.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 05:15PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY PSYCHIATIRY FEED

TITLE: Stroke recovery: It's in the genes

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724171553.htm

New research has found that specific genes may be related to the trajectory of recovery for stroke survivors, providing doctors insights useful for developing targeted therapies.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724171553.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 05:15PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY PSYCHOLOGY FEED

TITLE: Stroke recovery: It's in the genes

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724171553.htm

New research has found that specific genes may be related to the trajectory of recovery for stroke survivors, providing doctors insights useful for developing targeted therapies.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724171553.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 12:30PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY PSYCHOLOGY FEED

TITLE: Traffic-related ultrafine particles hinder mitochondrial functions in olfactory mucosa

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123042.htm

Ultrafine particles, UFPs, the smallest contributors to air pollution, hinder the function of mitochondria in human olfactory mucosa cells, a new study shows. The study showed that traffic-related UFPs impair mitochondrial functions in primary human olfactory mucosa cells by hampering oxidative phosphorylation and redox balance.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123042.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 05:16PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Could wearable devices adversely affect health?

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724171606.htm

For patients with Afib, using a wearable device can lead to higher rates of anxiety about their Afib symptoms and treatment, doctor visits, and use of informal healthcare resources, according to a new study.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724171606.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 06:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: The power of humble leadership: Elevating employee status and driving initiative

URL: https://www.psypost.org/the-power-of-humble-leadership-elevating-employee-status-and-driving-initiative/

A new study in the Journal of Organizational Behavior reveals that humble leadership in the workplace boosts employees’ sense of respect and prominence, leading to increased leadership potential. Humble leadership behaviors, such as acknowledging personal limitations, appreciating employees’ strengths, and demonstrating teachability, were found to elevate employees’ workplace status, which in turn motivates them to take on leadership roles and initiatives.

Humble leadership is characterized by leaders who openly acknowledge their limitations, value the contributions of others, and remain open to learning. This approach not only fosters a supportive and collaborative workplace but also helps employees feel respected and valued.

Previous research has shown that humble leadership enhances various outcomes like work engagement, team innovation, and overall well-being. However, the specific mechanism of how humble leadership elevates employees’ status and leadership potential had not been thoroughly investigated until this study.

To understand the impact of humble leadership on employees’ workplace status and leadership potential, the researchers conducted two comprehensive field studies. The first study was set in China and involved employees from various service industries. The researchers reached out to organizations through personal networks and collected data in three stages over six weeks.

At the first stage, employees rated their supervisors’ humility, their own individualistic orientation, and provided demographic information. Two weeks later, these employees rated their perceived workplace status. Finally, supervisors rated the employees’ motivation to lead and their taking charge behaviors. The final sample consisted of 216 matched supervisor-subordinate pairs.

The second study mirrored the first but was conducted online via the platform Prolific, targeting employees from Western countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. This study also collected data in three stages, with two-week intervals, ensuring a similar multi-wave, multi-source design.

At each stage, employees and their supervisors provided ratings on humble leadership, perceived workplace status, motivation to lead, and taking charge behaviors. The final sample included 210 participants, ensuring a broad cultural representation to validate the findings across different contexts.

The study’s findings were consistent across both the Eastern and Western contexts. Firstly, humble leadership was positively correlated with employees’ perceived workplace status. Employees felt more respected and prominent when their leaders admitted mistakes, appreciated their strengths, and were open to learning from them. This elevation in perceived status was stronger for employees with a high individualistic orientation, who are more sensitive to status cues and driven by a desire for recognition and personal uniqueness.

Moreover, the increased workplace status resulting from humble leadership translated into greater motivation to lead and proactive behaviors such as taking charge. Employees with higher perceived status were more likely to aspire to leadership roles and engage in activities demonstrating leadership potential. This correlation held true across both cultural contexts, indicating the universal applicability of humble leadership’s benefits.

The study highlights the importance of humble leadership in fostering a supportive and empowering workplace environment. Organizations should invest in training programs to help leaders develop and express humility, which includes acknowledging their limitations, appreciating employees’ contributions, and being open to learning from others. Performance management systems should also incorporate humility as a key leadership trait to encourage and reward humble leadership behaviors.

“Understanding and implementing humble leadership is essential as it’s been shown to positively impact individual and team outcomes in the workplace including work engagement, proactive behaviour, wellbeing and resilience and increased innovation, learning and performance,” said study author Xiaoshuang Lin, a senior lecturer at the University of South Australia and a member of the Centre for Workplace Excellence.

“Humble leadership is a powerful tool for lifting employees’ status and unlocking their potential, leading to a more engaged, innovative and high-performing workplace. It can also help build a pool of effective leaders for the future. By fostering the leadership potential of employees, organisations can maintain competitive advantages.”

Lin explained that employees’ responses to humble leadership vary based on their personal characteristics, with those focused on individual development and competition reacting more positively. On the other hand, “people who don’t place as much value on their own development and success in the workplace are less likely to benefit from humble leadership behaviors. These sorts of employees will do whatever the leaders tell them. They have no interest in teaching their leaders or displaying their own strengths or contributions.”

The study, “How do humble leaders unleash followers’ leadership potential? The roles of workplace status and individualistic orientation,” was authored by Xiaoshuang Lin, Herman H. M. Tse, Bo Shao, and Jinyun Duan.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/the-power-of-humble-leadership-elevating-employee-status-and-driving-initiative/

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 12:30PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Study across multiple brain regions discerns Alzheimer's vulnerability and resilience factors

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123012.htm

Genomics and lab studies reveal numerous findings, including a key role for Reelin amid neuronal vulnerability, and for choline and antioxidants in sustaining cognition.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123012.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 12:30PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Building a molecular brain map to understand Alzheimer's disease

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123007.htm

Resulting atlas of the aging human brain holds molecular insights into the brain's vulnerability and resilience.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123007.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 12:30PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY PSYCHOLOGY FEED

TITLE: Study across multiple brain regions discerns Alzheimer's vulnerability and resilience factors

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123012.htm

Genomics and lab studies reveal numerous findings, including a key role for Reelin amid neuronal vulnerability, and for choline and antioxidants in sustaining cognition.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123012.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 12:30PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY PSYCHOLOGY FEED

TITLE: Building a molecular brain map to understand Alzheimer's disease

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123007.htm

Resulting atlas of the aging human brain holds molecular insights into the brain's vulnerability and resilience.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724123007.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 12:26PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Physical activity improves early with customized text messages in patients with heart problems

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724122611.htm

Personalized text messages effectively promoted increased physical activity for patients after significant heart events -- such as a heart attack or surgery -- but those effects later diminished. Researcher say the results show incredible promise for simple, low cost interventions delivered through mobile technology and their potential to help prevent secondary cardiovascular events in patients.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240724122611.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 08:47PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Researchers leveraging AI to train (robotic) dogs to respond to their masters

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723204753.htm

An international collaboration seeks to innovate the future of how a mechanical man's best friend interacts with its owner, using a combination of AI and edge computing called edge intelligence. The overarching project goal is to make the dog come 'alive' by adapting wearable-based sensing devices that can detect physiological and emotional stimuli inherent to one's personality and traits, such as introversions, or transient states, including pain and comfort levels.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723204753.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 04:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: How stress can erode your brain’s ability to fight dementia

URL: https://www.psypost.org/how-stress-can-erode-your-brains-ability-to-fight-dementia/

Some people have the biological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s – proteins called amyloid and tau that gum up the brain – but have no disease symptoms. Researchers suggest that this could be because some people build up a “cognitive reserve” – the brain’s ability to find new ways to handle and overcome problems.

People with greater cognitive reserve seem to be better at staving off dementia symptoms, but when stress levels are high or persistent, they can weaken this reserve by making it less likely that they will socialise and less likely that they will be physically active – both of which are known to protect against dementia.

Stress itself has also been linked to faster cognitive decline and an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

In a recent study, we examined the relationship of cognitive reserve with cognition, and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers – the previously mentioned tau and amyloid. We assessed whether the potential benefits of cognitive reserve vary by stress.

For our study, we looked at 113 participants from a memory clinic in Sweden. They were part of the Cortisol and Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease cohort study.

There are many ways cognitive reserve can be built up, such as staying mentally active throughout life. This could be by spending more years in formal education, playing bridge, learning a new language or having a complex job. Being physically active and maintaining healthy social relationships are important too.

To get an overall measure of cognitive reserve, we created an index by combining different information on the level of lifelong education participants had acquired, the complexity of the longest-held job, and engagement in physical, leisure activity and social interactions in later life.

Stress

We also looked at participants’ stress levels. Both subjective and biological measures were taken.

Subjective stress was measured using a questionnaire. People rated how much they perceived their life to be uncontrollable and unpredictable, and whether or not they had too much to deal with during the previous month.

For an objective measure of stress, we used salivary cortisol, a stress hormone. Cortisol follows a rhythm. It typically increases rapidly as soon as we wake up, peaks 30 minutes later (known as “cortisol awakening response”), and then decreases during the remainder of the day. It is lowest at nighttime, as our body gets ready to sleep.

Salivary cortisol was taken at different times of the day to measure these patterns. Previous studies have shown that a disruption of the cortisol pattern may increase Alzheimer’s disease risk.

We found greater cognitive reserve improved cognition in memory clinic patients, but when we factored physiological stress (cortisol) into the equation, the beneficial association of cognitive reserve was weakened – in other words, cortisol seems to deplete cognitive reserve.

Interestingly, though, subjective stress did not change the relation in a similar manner. So subjective stress doesn’t seem to use up cognitive reserve in the same way as biological stress seems to. We don’t know why this is. It could be that subjective and biological measures assess different aspects of stress.

Participants who had a good balance of morning and evening cortisol levels improved their working memory, but this wasn’t true for those who had an imbalance. Working memory stores information for short periods but allows us to actively process and manipulate the information. For example, we rely on working memory to solve a maths problem.

If cortisol levels are too high in the evening, it affects sleep. And if they are too low in the morning, it can affect morning alertness. The right balance is essential.

In those with unusually high amounts of cortisol shortly after waking up, having a higher cognitive reserve was linked to increased tau – a protein that forms tangles in brain cells, thereby disrupting their function. It could be that tau protein accumulation might make a person more prone to be stressed or stress itself may bring about changes to tau. This might lower a person’s ability to control and avoid actions that support the development of cognitive reserve.

Higher chronic stress may lessen the cognitive advantages of stimulating activities and enriching experiences in later life. Adding stress management techniques, such as mindfulness and meditation into your daily routine may contribute to overall brain health and slow cognitive decline.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/how-stress-can-erode-your-brains-ability-to-fight-dementia/

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 02:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

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TITLE: Researchers identify behavioral signs of future cannabis use in adolescents

URL: https://www.psypost.org/researchers-identify-behavioral-signs-of-future-cannabis-use-in-adolescents/

In a recent study published in the journal Psychopharmacology, researchers found that adolescents who exhibit conduct problems and who are more socially engaged with their peers are more likely to use cannabis in the future. Furthermore, using cannabis during adolescence may lead to increased hyperactivity and inattention symptoms, though these effects seem to diminish with age.

Adolescence is a critical period for brain maturation, with significant changes occurring in brain structures and functions that are essential for cognitive and emotional development. Cannabis, being one of the most commonly used illicit substances during this stage, has the potential to interfere with these developmental processes. However, the exact effects of cannabis on the adolescent brain remain unclear, prompting the need for detailed research in this area.

Researchers were particularly interested in distinguishing whether cannabis use is a result of preexisting behavioral and psychological traits or if it contributes to the development of such traits. This distinction is important because it informs whether preventive measures should focus more on identifying at-risk individuals based on their existing behaviors and social dynamics or on mitigating the effects of cannabis use once it has begun.

“Ever since the beginning of society, humans have been using psychoactive substances. Nowadays, cannabis is among the most widely used, making it crucial to understand its long-term effects, especially when use begins during adolescence – a very critical period for brain development. I believe knowledge is power! Through research, we can help people make informed decisions, which is my main motivation to investigate this topic,” said study author Inês Macedo, a PhD student and member of the Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology at the University of Porto.

The researchers used data from the IMAGEN study, a large longitudinal cohort involving 2341 adolescents from England, Ireland, France, and Germany. Participants were assessed at ages 14, 19, and 22 using a variety of psychological, cognitive, and neuroimaging measures.

To be included in the study, participants had to report no or minimal use of alcohol and nicotine at the baseline assessment (age 14). Exclusion criteria included using any illicit substance more than twice or reporting the use of a fictitious substance. This left a sample of 1946 drug-naïve adolescents, with 164 going on to use cannabis by age 19.

Participants completed the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) sessions to assess brain activity related to reward processing. This task involved responding to cues that signaled potential monetary gains, allowing researchers to examine activity in brain regions like the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex.

The study found that certain behavioral traits at age 14 could predict cannabis use by age 19. Adolescents with higher scores for conduct problems and lower scores for peer problems were more likely to use cannabis. Conduct problems included behaviors like breaking serious rules, while peer problems referred to difficulties in making friends.

“It was very curious to find that adolescents who had fewer peer problems at 14 years old were more likely to transition to cannabis use within five years!” Macedo told PsyPost. “One possible explanation for this unexpected result is that being more sociable may increase exposure to peer pressure and to other peers with conduct problems, providing more favorable social contexts for future cannabis use.”

By age 19, those who used cannabis showed higher levels of hyperactivity and inattention compared to non-users. Interestingly, these symptoms seemed to decrease over time, with no significant differences observed by age 22 between those who continued to use cannabis and those who abstained for at least a month. This suggests that while cannabis use during adolescence may increase certain behavioral symptoms, these effects are not necessarily permanent.

“Our study suggests that adolescents with more conduct problems (e.g., who break serious rules) and who have less problems with their peers (e.g., who have less trouble making friends) are at greater risk for future cannabis use,” Macedo explained. “We also found that cannabis use might increase hyperactivity and inattention symptoms during adolescence, although these effects seem to subside with age.”

“It’s important to note that our study mainly involved light cannabis users, with few daily or near-daily users. Still, it is interesting that we had some significant differences, even in such low frequency cannabis users! This indicates that daily users might experience other effects and have distinct neuropsychological characteristics than light users. Therefore, it is very important to emphasize that our results cannot be generalized to more frequent, adolescent cannabis users.”

Contrary to expectations, the study did not find significant differences in reward-related brain activity or cognitive functioning between future cannabis users and non-users at age 14. Additionally, no significant changes in these measures were observed in those who used cannabis by age 22. This implies that light cannabis use may not have long-term effects on brain function or cognitive abilities, at least within the age range studied.

“Like all studies, ours has limitations,” Macedo noted. “We had a significant amount of missing data for the neurocognitive measures, which may explain the lack of significant results. Additionally, having a greater representation of daily cannabis users would increase the generalization of our findings (although I don’t necessarily see this as a major limitation, it is a very important point to emphasize).”

“This study is part of my ongoing PhD project, where I am investigating the long-term effects of cannabis use on the brain and the potential reversibility of these effects with abstinence. We are currently recruiting participants at the University of Porto (Portugal) and collecting data on brain activity (via electroencephalography), psychopathology (e.g., depression, anxiety, psychosis), cognition (e.g., memory, attention, inhibitory control), and substance use patterns. Given the inconsistencies in the cannabis literature, we aim to provide new insights and inform the general population about our findings.”

The findings highlight the importance of identifying adolescents at risk for future cannabis use based on conduct problems and social engagement. It also underscores the need for continued research to fully understand the long-term effects of cannabis on the developing brain.

“We need more funding for longitudinal studies that track individuals from before cannabis use onset,” Macedo said. “These will be essential to uncover the true effects of cannabis on the brain; longitudinal research can allow us to distinguish the effects of cannabis use from pre-existing individual differences that may predispose individuals to substance use.”

The study, “Light Cannabis Use and the Adolescent Brain: An 8-years Longitudinal Assessment of Mental Health, Cognition, and Reward Processing,” was authored by Inês Macedo, Tiago O. Paiva, Rita Pasion, Laura Daedelow, Andreas Heinz, Ana Magalhães, Tobias Banaschewski, Arun L. W. Bokde, Sylvane Desrivières, Herta Flor, Antoine Grigis, Hugh Garavan, Penny Gowland, Rüdiger Brühl, Jean-Luc Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot, Eric Artiges, Frauke Nees, Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos, Tomáš Paus, Luise Poustka, Sarah Hohmann, Nathalie Holz, and Juliane H. Fröhner.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/researchers-identify-behavioral-signs-of-future-cannabis-use-in-adolescents/

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DATE: July 22, 2024 at 01:35PM
SOURCE: AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

TITLE: The pandemic caused an increase in teen eating disorders

URL: https://www.parents.com/study-shows-the-pandemic-caused-increase-in-teen-eating-disorders-8680847

Findings show increases in adolescents and young adults seeking both inpatient and outpatient care for an eating disorder in the aftermath of COVID-19.

URL: https://www.parents.com/study-shows-the-pandemic-caused-increase-in-teen-eating-disorders-8680847

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 01:22PM
SOURCE: AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

TITLE: Score for predicting dementia risk also may predict depression

URL: https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/23/health/brain-care-score-depression-risk-wellness/index.html

The Brain Care Score is a tool for assessing dementia or stroke risk without medical procedures.

URL: https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/23/health/brain-care-score-depression-risk-wellness/index.html

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:33PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Protein discovery linked to Parkinson's disease opens future research areas

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123346.htm

Researchers have discovered two proteins that act as regulators for mitophagy. The discovery opens a new avenue for researchers to boost mitophagy activity, to promote mitochondrial and neuronal health.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123346.htm

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

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TITLE: New study explores how feminist heterosexual men navigate sexual desire

URL: https://www.psypost.org/new-study-explores-how-feminist-heterosexual-men-navigate-sexual-desire/

A study published in Archives of Sexual Behavior reports that most feminist heterosexual men do not feel a conflict between their feminist principles and sexual desires, endorsing that feminist values enhance their sexual relationships through open communication and mutual respect.

Sexual desire has traditionally been viewed as a simple and singular phenomenon, often associated with the pursuit of sexual pleasure, particularly orgasm. Contemporary research views sexual desire as a multifaceted experience influenced by various situational and psychological factors. For men, sexual desire is often framed in terms of masculinity, with societal expectations dictating that men should always have high levels of sexual desire. This traditional view overlooks the complexity of men’s sexual desire and the experiences of those who do not fit this stereotype.

Feminism has brought significant changes in how sexual desire is perceived and expressed, particularly among men who identify as feminists. These men often face the challenge of reconciling their sexual desires with feminist principles that promote gender equity and respect. In this work, researchers Eun Ju Son and colleagues explored the experiences of feminist heterosexual men in long-term relationships.

The researchers recruited 30 self-identified feminist heterosexual men in long-term relationships to participate in one-on-one interviews via Zoom. Participants, who were primarily recruited from the Kingston community in Canada, were between the ages 21 to 57 years, with an average relationship duration of 9.54 years. Participants were interviewed by one of four interviewers for approximately 45 minutes. The interviewers followed a set script with eight primary questions, supplemented by follow-up questions to probe deeper into the participants’ experiences and feelings.

The interview questions covered various aspects of the participants’ sexual desire, including societal perceptions, the impact of feminist principles, and personal experiences of navigating sexual desire within their long-term relationships. The questions aimed to understand the participants’ awareness of changing sexual scripts, any conflicts or ambivalences they experienced, and the strategies they used to manage their desires in alignment with feminist values. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify common themes and patterns in the responses.

The thematic analysis revealed 11 major themes from the interviews. Most men did not feel a conflict between their feminist principles and sexual desires. Many participants reported that their adherence to feminist values, such as respect for their partners and the importance of consent, naturally aligned with their sexual desires.

One key theme was the positive impact of feminism on participants’ sexuality and relationships. Many men described how feminist principles had enhanced their sexual relationships by promoting open communication and mutual respect. They felt that feminism provided a framework for healthier and more equitable sexual relationships. For instance, participants highlighted how feminist principles helped them prioritize their partners’ comfort and consent, which in turn led to more fulfilling sexual experiences.

Some participants did express ambivalence, noting that societal messages about men’s sexual desire being predatory or aggressive sometimes made them feel uncertain about expressing their desires. They mentioned feeling scrutinized by societal expectations and feminist principles, which occasionally led to confusion and hesitation in expressing their sexual desires.

Another theme was the influence of upbringing and socialization on participants’ feminist beliefs and sexual behaviors. Many participants attributed their feminist values to their family environment, particularly the influence of their fathers and friends who modeled respectful and equitable behavior.

The study also found that open communication with partners was important for navigating sexual desires within a feminist framework. Participants emphasized the importance of discussing sexual desires and boundaries with their partners; this communication not only helped resolve conflicts but also strengthened their relationships by promoting trust and intimacy.

A limitation outlined by the authors is the lack of diversity in the sample, which might limit the generalizability of the findings to broader populations.

The research “How Feminist Heterosexual Men Navigate Their Sexual Desire While Following Feminist Principles,” was authored by Eun Ju Son, Regan C. M. Yaraskavitch, Benjamin P. Nguyen, Sarah H. Murray, and Sari M. van Anders.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/new-study-explores-how-feminist-heterosexual-men-navigate-sexual-desire/

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 10:03AM
SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC TIMES

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 10:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

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TITLE: Mitochondria appear to play key role in link between positive experiences and brain health

URL: https://www.psypost.org/mitochondria-appear-to-play-key-role-in-link-between-positive-experiences-and-brain-health/

A new study by researchers at Columbia University sheds light on how our experiences and emotions might influence brain health. The study provides evidence that mitochondria, the tiny powerhouses inside our brain cells, could be the key players in this relationship. In older adults, positive psychosocial experiences — such as a larger social network or a greater sense of purpose — are linked to healthier brain mitochondria. Conversely, negative experiences — like social isolation or depression — are associated with less robust mitochondrial function.

The findings have been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

“How the mind shapes our biology, potential for health, and risk of disease is perhaps the biggest gap in medicine. We know from decades of research, and from our personal experiences, that how we feel influences our health. But there is little science on this,” said study author Martin Picard, an associate professor and endowed chair in energy and health.

“Mitochondria are the energy and information processor of each cell. They keep us alive and well, and enable each cells in our body and brain to communicate with each other and to act as an integrated whole – to be in health. We need to uncover the psychobiological connections linking what we experience to the biology of energy. This is the focus of mitochondrial psychobiology, and of this study by Dr. Caroline Trumpff.”

To better understand the role of mitochondria, the researchers used data from two long-term studies involving nearly 450 older adults in the United States. These participants had provided detailed information about their psychosocial experiences over two decades and had agreed to donate their brains for postmortem analysis.

The researchers aimed to quantify both positive and negative psychosocial experiences. They created indices that combined various psychosocial factors into overall positive and negative scores. Positive factors included a larger social network, greater social activity, a strong sense of purpose, and overall well-being.

Negative factors encompassed social isolation, depressive symptoms, negative mood, and perceived stress. By converting these reports into standardized scores, the researchers could systematically compare the participants’ psychosocial experiences with the biological state of their brain mitochondria.

For the biological analysis, the researchers focused on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in executive functions and emotional regulation. They measured the abundance of mitochondrial proteins in this area using sophisticated proteomic techniques. Instead of analyzing thousands of individual mitochondrial genes, they grouped related genes into seven categories, or “mitotypes,” which reflect different aspects of mitochondrial function. This innovative approach allowed for a more interpretable and statistically robust analysis of mitochondrial health.

The findings revealed a clear association between psychosocial experiences and mitochondrial protein abundance. Participants with higher positive psychosocial scores had greater levels of mitochondrial proteins, particularly those involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), a key process for cellular energy production. In contrast, those with higher negative psychosocial scores had lower levels of these proteins.

“We’re showing that older individuals’ state of mind is linked to the biology of their brain mitochondria, which is the first time that subjective psychosocial experiences have been related to brain biology,” explained Trumpff, an assistant professor of medical psychology.

“In our lives we are exposed to positive and negative psychosocial factors, some of which we can nourish and develop,” Picard told PsyPost. “These factors, we now learn in Dr. Trumpff’s study, are linked to the biology of the energy transformation centers in our brains – the mitochondria. We have long known that things like exercise, fasting, and low carb diets can stimulate mitochondria. This study brings subjective experiences – that stuff that makes us human – in the mix of things that may influence energy flow in our brains.”

A key finding of the study was that psychosocial experiences accounted for 18 to 25% of the variance in the abundance of complex I proteins. Complex I is the largest and most upstream enzyme in the OxPhos pathway. This significant percentage indicates that a considerable portion of the differences in mitochondrial function among individuals can be attributed to their psychosocial experiences. Positive psychosocial factors were linked to higher levels of proteins involved in energy transformation, while negative factors were associated with lower levels of these proteins.

The researchers were surprised by the strength of the effects. “The psycho-biological correlation of 18-25% is remarkable compared to other similar studies,” Picard said.

Interestingly, the findings also suggested that glial cells and neurons might respond to or even contribute to psychosocial experiences in opposite ways. Glial cells, which include astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes, were found to have higher mitochondrial gene expression associated with positive psychosocial experiences. This means that individuals who reported more positive experiences had glial cells with more active mitochondrial functions.

In contrast, the same positive experiences were linked to lower mitochondrial gene expression in neurons. This divergence indicates that while glial cells might enhance their energy production and other mitochondrial functions in response to positive experiences, neurons might reduce these activities.

Glial cells play supportive roles in the brain, such as providing nutrients to neurons, maintaining homeostasis, and participating in immune responses. Their increased mitochondrial activity in response to positive experiences could enhance these supportive functions, potentially leading to better overall brain health. On the other hand, neurons, which are primarily responsible for transmitting information throughout the brain, might reduce mitochondrial activity as a way to optimize energy use or reduce oxidative stress under positive psychosocial conditions.

These results were consistent across various subgroups, including different genders and cognitive statuses, indicating a broad and robust connection between psychosocial experiences and mitochondrial health. But as with all research, there are some caveats to consider. One major limitation is the reliance on postmortem brain samples.

“We obviously had to ask people how they felt before they died, and had to wait for them to die to analyze their mitochondria postmortem,” Picard noted. “So there is a time gap between the psychosocial assessment and the biological measures.”

Developing non-invasive techniques to measure mitochondrial health in living individuals could significantly advance this field of research. Such methods would enable continuous monitoring of mitochondrial function, allowing for early detection of potential issues and timely interventions. Researchers are already exploring ways to assess mitochondrial health in clinical settings, which could revolutionize how we monitor and promote brain health.

“Our long-term goals are to create a science of health and healing that integrates the science of energy with the human experience of energy,” Picard said. “This will help us bring the mind into medicine, and create a more holistic framework to help each person reach their optimal state of health.”

The study, “Psychosocial experiences are associated with human brain mitochondrial biology,” was authored by Caroline Trumpff, Anna S. Monzel, Carmen Sandi, Vilas Menon, Hans-Ulrich Klein, Masashi Fujita, Annie Lee, Vladislav A. Petyuk, Cheyenne Hurst, Duc M. Duong, Nicholas T. Seyfried, Aliza P. Wingo, Thomas S. Wingo, Yanling Wang, Madhav Thambisetty, Luigi Ferrucci, David A. Bennett, Philip L. De Jager, and Martin Picard.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/mitochondria-appear-to-play-key-role-in-link-between-positive-experiences-and-brain-health/

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 08:02AM
SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC TIMES

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 08:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

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TITLE: African elephants address one another by name, study finds

URL: https://www.psypost.org/african-elephants-address-one-another-by-name-study-finds/

A recent study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution has uncovered that wild African elephants communicate with individually specific calls, akin to human names. This groundbreaking discovery suggests that elephants use unique sound patterns to refer to each other, without imitating the vocalizations of the addressed individual. Researchers developed a statistical model that could identify the intended recipient of an elephant’s call with 20% accuracy, significantly better than random chance.

One of the hallmarks of human language is the use of names. Humans use specific sets of sounds to refer to specific objects or individuals. When a human baby is born, its caregivers decide on a set of sounds or letters to refer to the newborn throughout its lifetime. This is called a name.

An important feature of human names is that they are arbitrary in structure. If a newborn baby is named Mary, John, or any other name, that specific set of sounds or letters forming the name has no connection with any of the baby’s features. Others cannot infer a person’s name just by observing them (unless they observe the person saying their own name) because the name has nothing to do with the person’s characteristics. The only way we can learn another person’s name is if someone tells us or if we read it somewhere. Similarly, if a person changes their name, others can use the new name without any issues.

But it has been unclear if there are any species aside from humans that can use names like this. Previous studies found that species like bottlenose dolphins and some parrots refer to other members of their species by imitating the sounds that particular individual makes. However, this severely limits the possible complexity of the communication.

Study author Michael A. Pardo and his colleagues analyzed contact and greeting rumbles from female-offspring groups of wild African savannah elephants to determine whether they might contain vocal labels similar to the names humans use for each other. They recorded a set of 527 calls of elephants from the greater Samburu ecosystem in northern Kenya and 98 calls from Amboseli National Park in southern Kenya, identifying both the elephant sending the call (the sender) and the elephant it was addressed to (the receiver, the elephant who responded to the call).

These calls came from 114 different elephants as the callers and 119 different elephants as receivers. For 597 of these calls, both the caller and the receiver belonged to the same family group.

“The most common call type produced by elephants is the rumble, a harmonically rich, low-frequency sound that is individually distinct, distinguishable, and produced across most behavioral contexts. Contact rumbles are long-distance calls produced when the caller is visually separated from one or more social affiliates and attempting to reinitiate contact. Greeting rumbles are close-distance calls produced when one individual approaches another after a period of separation,” the study authors explain.

The authors conducted statistical analyses of these calls and determined that they are specific to individual receivers. In other words, it was possible to determine with some accuracy from the sounds contained in the call who the receiver was. This indicates that elephants use specific sound combinations as vocal labels for specific elephants. They address other elephants by name.

The authors created a statistical model that predicted the identity of the elephant a call was directed to with 20% accuracy. While far from perfect, this accuracy is much better than random guessing, confirming that the calls of these elephants contain combinations of sounds that refer to specific other elephants. Further statistical analysis indicated that the calls indeed refer to individual elephants and do not depend on the relatedness or age of the elephants in question.

In humans, different people address the same individual by the same name. The study authors wanted to test whether this is the case with elephants as well, but the evidence was inconclusive. The statistical machine learning model was not able to predict better than chance who a specific elephant was addressing if the model was not trained on calls of the sender elephant. Thus, it remains unknown whether elephants use the same name for the same individual or if different elephants use different names for the same elephant (kind of like different people addressing us using different nicknames).

Finally, the authors played recorded calls to 17 wild elephants and found that they reacted much more strongly to playbacks of calls addressed to them than to calls addressed to other elephants.

“To our knowledge, this study presents the first evidence for vocal addressing of conspecifics [other members of the same species] without imitation of the receiver’s calls in nonhuman animals. Very few species are known to address conspecifics with vocal labels of any kind. Where evidence for vocal labels has been found, they are either clearly imitative or of unknown structure. Our data suggest that elephants label conspecifics without relying on imitation of the receiver’s calls, a phenomenon previously known to occur only in human language.”, study authors concluded.

The study makes an important contribution to the scientific understanding of social interactions in elephants. However, it should be noted that the ability of the statistical model developed in the study to identify receivers of calls was far from perfect, likely indicating that individual names (vocal labels) are not used in every call and that more research is needed before elephant calls are fully understood.

The paper, “African elephants address one another with individually specific name-like calls,” was authored by Michael A. Pardo, Kurt Fristrup, David S. Lolchuragi, Joyce H. Poole, Petter Granli, Cynthia Moss, Iain Douglas-Hamilton, and George Wittemyer.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/african-elephants-address-one-another-by-name-study-finds/

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 06:00AM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: Autistic traits may protect against loot box overspending, study suggests

URL: https://www.psypost.org/autistic-traits-may-protect-against-loot-box-overspending-study-suggests/

Video gaming has become a global phenomenon, with over 2.46 billion players worldwide in 2022 contributing to a staggering $347 billion in revenue. A significant portion of this revenue comes from microtransactions — small in-game purchases that enhance the gaming experience. Among these, loot boxes, which offer random virtual items, have sparked considerable debate due to their similarity to gambling.

A recent study published in Scientific Reports explored whether gamers with autistic traits are more susceptible to excessive gaming and problematic gambling behaviors, and their spending patterns on loot boxes. Surprisingly, the study found that while gamers with higher levels of autistic traits may be more vulnerable to excessive gaming and problematic gambling, they actually spend less on loot boxes when their gambling symptoms are accounted for.

“Video gaming as a hobby has evolved substantially over the years, with how people access and play video games shifting along with technological advancements. Research into this increasingly popular hobby has grown in response,” said study author James D. Sauer of the University of Tasmania.

“One such change in the gaming industry includes the rise of the microtransaction monetization model. This allows games companies to accrue revenue from their product by offering additional, optional, in-game purchases. ‘Loot boxes’ are a particular type of microtransaction that has become prevalent within video games, and has received considerable attention from game users and researchers alike.”

“Loot boxes have been demonstrated to be structurally, psychologically, and legally akin to gambling,” Sauer explained. “As such, researchers have become interested in understanding if some game users may be more vulnerable to over-engagement with, or over-expenditure on these optional, virtual items.”

“Presently there is little scientific understanding about how individual differences are associated with spending on microtransaction features. Neurodevelopmental differences, such as autism and ADHD, have previously been reported to be linked to problematic engagement with video games, however, there is less research into the relationship between neurodivergence and microtransaction expenditure.”

For their study, the researchers recruited 1,178 participants through Prolific Academic, an online research platform. The participants were adults from Australia, Aotearoa (New Zealand), and the United States, ensuring a diverse but primarily Western sample. Participants were required to be at least 18 years old.

The researchers utilized several validated scales to measure different aspects of gaming behaviors, gambling symptoms, and autistic traits. The Internet Gaming Disorder Checklist (IGD), a nine-item scale, assessed problematic gaming behaviors with items like “I have lost interest in other hobbies or entertainment in order to play games” and “I feel irritable, anxious or sad when I am unable to game.”

The Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), another nine-item scale, measured the severity of problematic gambling symptoms over the past year with items such as “Have you bet more than you could really afford to lose?” and “Has gambling caused you any health problems, including stress or anxiety?” The Risky Loot Box Index, a five-item scale, evaluated risky engagement with loot boxes through statements like “The thrill of opening loot boxes has encouraged me to buy more” and “I frequently play games longer than I intend to, so I can earn loot boxes.”

The Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale (RAADS-14), a 14-item self-report questionnaire, screened for autistic traits in adults with items like “It is difficult for me to understand how other people are feeling when we are talking.” Participants also reported their spending on loot boxes and non-randomized microtransactions in the past month. The data was converted to U.S. dollars for consistency.

The researchers found strong positive correlations between problematic gaming behaviors, problematic gambling symptoms, risky loot box engagement, and spending on both loot boxes and non-randomized microtransactions. This indicates that individuals who exhibit more problematic gaming and gambling behaviors are also more likely to spend money on these in-game features. These findings align with previous research demonstrating that those with higher levels of problematic behaviors tend to spend more on microtransactions.

Interestingly, the study found that participants with higher levels of autistic traits reported higher levels of problematic gaming behaviors, problematic gambling symptoms, and risky loot box engagement. However, the strength of these associations was generally weak.

Contrary to the researchers’ initial predictions, there was no evidence that individuals with higher levels of autistic traits spent more on loot boxes or non-randomized microtransactions. In fact, when gambling symptoms were statistically controlled for, higher levels of autistic traits were associated with lower spending on loot boxes. “Thus, characteristics and experiences of autism may be slightly protective of overspending on loot boxes,” Sauer told PsyPost.

Moderation analyses further supported these findings. Autistic traits did not significantly influence the relationship between problematic gaming and gambling behaviors and spending on microtransactions. However, a consistent pattern emerged showing that higher levels of autistic traits were associated with reduced spending on loot boxes.

This nuanced result highlights that while individuals with autistic traits may be more vulnerable to problematic behaviors, they might also be more cautious or deliberate in their spending decisions, particularly concerning loot boxes.

“Previous research has consistently found that higher levels of problematic gaming and problematic gambling is associated with higher levels of loot box expenditure, and as such, it was surprising to us that our data showed that gamers higher in autistic characteristics and experiences, who we found to be higher in problematic gaming and gambling symptomatology, are not also reporting higher loot box expenditure,” Sauer remarked. “That’s what’s great about research, it’s not about what you believe, it’s about what the empirical evidence shows!”

However, it is important to note that the study did not screen for clinically diagnosed autism, meaning the sample included individuals with varying levels of autistic traits but not necessarily those with a formal diagnosis. This could affect the applicability of the results to clinically diagnosed populations.

Furthermore, the study’s cross-sectional design prevents causal conclusions. While the data indicate a relationship between autistic traits and gaming behaviors, it is unclear whether these traits cause changes in gaming behavior or if other unmeasured variables are at play. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand these relationships over time.

“We do not know whether experiencing higher levels of autistic traits causes game users to engage with video games in a problematic way, or to spend less on loot boxes or if some unmeasured variable is causing this relationship,” Sauer explained. “We can say that our data indicates a relationship between these factors, but that this is not the complete picture. Further research is required to better understand the relationship between neurodivergence and video gaming behaviors.”

“Ultimately, we want to better understand how microtransaction models, and particularly those with gambling-like features, affect those who play video games. The more science can help us understand, hopefully the more game consumers can know about the products they engage with, and make more informed decisions for themselves and their children.”

The study, “The associations between autistic characteristics and microtransaction spending,” was authored by Tegan Charnock, Aaron Drummond, Lauren C. Hall, and James D. Sauer.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/autistic-traits-may-protect-against-loot-box-overspending-study-suggests/

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DATE: July 24, 2024 at 03:00AM
SOURCE:
NEW YORK TIMES PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGISTS FEED

TITLE: El TDAH puede lucir como ansiedad, depresión y otros trastornos

URL: https://www.nytimes.com/es/2024/07/24/espanol/tdah-depresion-ansiedad-sintomas.html

Los expertos dicen que muchos otros padecimientos tienen síntomas similares a los del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH).

URL: https://www.nytimes.com/es/2024/07/24/espanol/tdah-depresion-ansiedad-sintomas.html

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 08:01PM
SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC TIMES

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:33PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY PSYCHOLOGY FEED

TITLE: Brain care score for dementia and stroke also predicts late-life depression

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123355.htm

Researchers have shown that a higher Brain Care Score is also associated with a lower risk of late-life depression. The findings provide further evidence of shared biological risk factors for stroke, dementia and depression and highlight the potential of the BCS to help patients make lifestyle changes to better care for their brain health.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123355.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:33PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Brain care score for dementia and stroke also predicts late-life depression

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123355.htm

Researchers have shown that a higher Brain Care Score is also associated with a lower risk of late-life depression. The findings provide further evidence of shared biological risk factors for stroke, dementia and depression and highlight the potential of the BCS to help patients make lifestyle changes to better care for their brain health.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123355.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:34PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: New research identifies less invasive method for examining brain activity following traumatic brain injury

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123459.htm

Researchers have published new research that reports on a potential alternative and less-invasive approach to measure intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123459.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 01:20PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY PSYCHOLOGY FEED

TITLE: Study uses Game of Thrones to advance understanding of face blindness

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723132038.htm

Psychologists have used the hit TV series Game of Thrones to understand how the brain enables us to recognize faces. Their findings provide new insights into prosopagnosia or face blindness, a condition that impairs facial recognition.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723132038.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 04:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: New neuroscience research: CBD does not temper THC’s effects on brain connectivity, may enhance disruption

URL: https://www.psypost.org/new-neuroscience-research-cbd-does-not-temper-thcs-effects-on-brain-connectivity-may-enhance-disruption/

In a recent study published in the journal Neuropsychopharmacology, researchers have found that cannabidiol (CBD) does not mitigate the disruptive effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on brain connectivity. In fact, the study suggests that CBD might even exacerbate these effects in some cases. This challenges the commonly held belief that CBD can counterbalance the psychoactive impact of THC in cannabis.

The research was motivated by the growing use of cannabis among adolescents and young adults, a period characterized by significant brain development. Previous studies indicated that chronic cannabis use during adolescence could lead to changes in brain connectivity and cognitive impairments. However, there was a lack of detailed research on the acute effects of cannabis in this age group, especially considering the different compositions of cannabis with varying levels of THC and CBD.

THC is the main psychoactive component, responsible for the euphoric “high” and cognitive alterations associated with cannabis use. CBD, on the other hand, is non-psychoactive and has been suggested to have potential therapeutic properties, such as reducing anxiety and possessing anti-inflammatory effects. While THC binds directly to cannabinoid receptors in the brain, influencing mood, perception, and cognition, CBD interacts more subtly with these receptors and can modulate the effects of THC.

The study was conducted as part of the larger “CannTeen” project and involved 48 semi-regular cannabis users. The participants were evenly divided into two groups: 24 adolescents with a mean age of 17.2 years and 24 adults with a mean age of 27.8 years. The selection criteria ensured that participants had used cannabis between 0.5 and 3 days per week over the past three months. The researchers aimed to match the cannabis use frequency between the adolescent and adult groups.

Participants were recruited from the Greater London area through various means, including school assemblies, physical posters, flyers, and online advertisements. Before each of the three sessions, participants were screened for recent drug and alcohol use through saliva and breathalyser tests to ensure no recent consumption.

The study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Each participant underwent three drug administration sessions where they inhaled one of three types of cannabis: placebo (0 mg THC, 0 mg CBD), THC-only (8 mg THC for a 75 kg person, zero CBD), or THC + CBD (8 mg THC and 24 mg CBD for a 75 kg person).

The cannabis was administered using a Volcano Medic Vaporizer to ensure precise dosing and controlled administration. The participants then underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan approximately 50 minutes after inhalation to capture the peak effects of the drugs.

Resting-state fMRI is a technique used to measure and map brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. This method involves scanning the brain while the participant is not performing any specific tasks, allowing researchers to observe the natural fluctuations in brain activity and connectivity between different regions.

The study’s findings revealed significant disruptions in brain connectivity across several key networks after cannabis administration. These networks include the executive control network (ECN), salience network, hippocampal network, and limbic striatal network.

Specifically, the ECN, responsible for higher-order cognitive functions like decision-making and cognitive control, showed reduced connectivity under the influence of both THC and THC + CBD. The salience network, which helps in detecting and filtering important stimuli, also displayed diminished connectivity.

The hippocampal network, essential for memory formation and retrieval, was similarly affected. Furthermore, the limbic striatal network, involved in reward processing and emotion regulation, experienced connectivity reductions.

One of the most striking findings was that the addition of CBD did not mitigate the disruptive effects of THC on brain connectivity. In fact, in some cases, the presence of CBD led to even greater reductions in connectivity than THC alone, particularly in the ECN and salience networks. This challenges the widely held belief that CBD can counterbalance the psychoactive effects of THC.

“This study has shown that acute cannabis administration reduces connectivity within resting-state networks and between brain regions associated with cognition and emotional processing,” the researchers concluded. “Contrary to some previous work, CBD does not appear to have any attenuating effects when combined with THC, and in some networks, the addition of CBD further reduced network connectivity. This may be due to the metabolic competition of CBD and THC leading to higher plasma THC when CBD is also present.”

“There were no interaction effects between age group and drug treatments suggesting that adolescents do not show differential effects of cannabis compared to adults. These results therefore suggest that cannabis containing high levels of CBD may not necessarily be safer for users and that adolescent cannabis users appear to be at no greater risk than young adults with acute cannabis use, however further research is required to assess the long-term effects of cannabis, particularly past young adulthood.”

The study, “Acute effects of different types of cannabis on young adult and adolescent resting-state brain networks,” was authored by Natalie Ertl, Tom P. Freeman, Claire Mokrysz, Shelan Ofori, Anna Borissova, Kat Petrilli, H. Valerie Curran, Will Lawn, and Matthew B. Wall.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/new-neuroscience-research-cbd-does-not-temper-thcs-effects-on-brain-connectivity-may-enhance-disruption/

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 01:20PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Tumor suppressor protein Par-4 triggers unique cell death pathway in cancerous cells

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723132040.htm

A team of researchers has discovered that the tumor suppressor protein Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) can cause a unique type of cell death called ferroptosis in human glioblastoma -- the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor -- while sparing healthy cells. This new understanding has the potential to inform the development of novel treatments for various hard-to-treat cancers and neurodegenerative diseases.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723132040.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 01:20PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Does the onset of daylight saving time lead to an unhealthy lifestyle?

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723132035.htm

Consumers' attitudes and health behaviors respond negatively to the switch to daylight saving time.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723132035.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:35PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Mass layoffs and data breaches could be connected

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123528.htm

A research team has been exploring how mass layoffs and data breaches could be connected. Their theory: since layoffs create conditions where disgruntled employees face added stress or job insecurity, they are more likely to engage in risky behaviors that heighten the company's vulnerability to data breaches.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123528.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:35PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: New video test for Parkinson's uses AI to track how the disease is progressing

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123521.htm

An automated assessment technique that uses artificial intelligence could revolutionize the management of Parkinson's disease.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123521.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 03:26AM
SOURCE: SOCIALPSYCHOLOGY.ORG

TITLE: American Psychological Association Journal Addresses Racism in the Field

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181417&url=http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2024/07/racism-psychology-journal

Source: APA Press Releases

As a discipline, psychology prides itself on helping people improve their lives. However, psychology has had a long history of harming people of color, and psychologists must work to dismantle racism within the field, according to a special issue of the American Psychologist—flagship journal of the American Psychological Association. The journal examines how psychology has perpetuated racial hierarchy and looks at ways to redress racial...

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181417&url=http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2024/07/racism-psychology-journal

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 03:26AM
SOURCE: SOCIALPSYCHOLOGY.ORG

TITLE: Mental Health: Has Anything Changed for the Paris Olympics?

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181420&url=https://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2024-07-23/biles-osaka-and-phelps-spoke-up-about-mental-health-has-anything-changed-for-the-paris-olympics

Source: U.S. News and World Report

As the Paris Games open on Friday, followed by the Paralympics starting August 28, athletes have more access than ever to mental health resources and seem more likely to use them. That's noteworthy because according to the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Committee's director of psychological services, roughly half of U.S. athletes at the past two Olympiads were flagged for anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, eating disorders, substance use, or...

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181420&url=https://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2024-07-23/biles-osaka-and-phelps-spoke-up-about-mental-health-has-anything-changed-for-the-paris-olympics

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 02:52AM
SOURCE: SOCIALPSYCHOLOGY.ORG

TITLE: JD Vance's Wife, Usha Chilukuri, Faces Far-Right Racist Hate

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181402&url=https://abc7chicago.com/post/jd-vances-wife-usha-chilukuri-faces-racist-online/15080753/

Source: Google News - Health

The wife of Republican vice presidential candidate JD Vance, Usha Chilukuri Vance, and the couple's children have become the targets of hate for their Indian ancestry. Chilukuri Vance, the daughter of Indian immigrants who grew up in San Diego, as well as RNC speaker Harmeet Dhillon—who is Sikh and Indian—are facing anti-Asian hate from far-right figures online. The posts spiked after his nomination, criticizing him for marrying someone who...

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181402&url=https://abc7chicago.com/post/jd-vances-wife-usha-chilukuri-faces-racist-online/15080753/

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 02:52AM
SOURCE: SOCIALPSYCHOLOGY.ORG

TITLE: Scientist Takes Psychedelic Drug and Watches His Brain "Fall Apart"

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181345&url=https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/07/18/g-s1-11501/psilocybin-psychedelic-drug-brain-plasticity-depression-addiction

Source: Google News - Health

Nico Dosenbach, an associate professor of neurology at Washington University School of Medicine, had been given a high dose of psilocybin, the active substance in magic mushrooms, as part of an experiment. "Time stopped, and I was everyone," he recalls. The results, which appear in the journal Nature, suggest that psychedelic drugs work by disrupting certain brain networks—especially one that helps people form a sense of space, time, and self.

URL: http://www.socialpsychology.org/client/redirect.php?from=rss_feed&id=181345&url=https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/07/18/g-s1-11501/psilocybin-psychedelic-drug-brain-plasticity-depression-addiction

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:33PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Preclinical model offers new insights into Parkinson's disease process

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123330.htm

A new preclinical model offers a unique platform for studying the Parkinson's disease process and suggests a relatively easy method for detecting the disease in people.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123330.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:34PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: How does the brain respond to sleep apnea?

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123447.htm

Nearly 40 million adults in the U.S. have sleep apnea, and more than 30 million of them use a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine while sleeping. However, the machines tend to be expensive, clunky and uncomfortable -- resulting in many users giving up on using them. High blood pressure is often linked with sleep apnea because the brain works harder to regulate blood flow and breathing during sleep. A recent study offers new insight into the underlying mechanisms within the brain contributing to hypertension for those with sleep apnea.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123447.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:33PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: Brain-heart axis: Strokes change epigenetics of immune system

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123328.htm

A stroke not only causes acute damage to the brain, but can also have long-term health implications for other organs -- such as the heart. Researchers have worked on the hypothesis that the high rate of comorbidities that develop after a stroke could have a common immunological cause. And they actually managed to find it: The origin of the dysfunctions in other parts of the body lies in the immunological memory of the blood-forming cells in bone marrow.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240723123328.htm

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DATE: July 22, 2024 at 05:59PM
SOURCE: SCIENCE DAILY MIND-BRAIN FEED

TITLE: New study identifies two proteins that may contribute to stroke recurrence

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240722175914.htm

A new study has identified new genetic and molecular risk factors that may reveal new pathways for treating patients after they experience their first stroke. The study identified CCL27 and TNFRSF14, two proteins that are associated with subsequent MACE, but not initial strokes. These proteins are known to activate inflammation, which plays a key role in the development of strokes and many chronic conditions and diseases. The findings suggest that inflammation is a contributing factor to MACE outcomes among people after they have their first stroke.

URL: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240722175914.htm

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 02:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: Psilocybin reduces alcohol use by altering gene expression in brain’s reward center

URL: https://www.psypost.org/psilocybin-reduces-alcohol-use-by-altering-gene-expression-in-brains-reward-center/

New research has found that psilocybin reduces alcohol consumption in rats by altering specific brain pathways, particularly in the left nucleus accumbens. This suggests that psilocybin could potentially be a useful treatment for reducing alcohol use, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness in humans. The study has been published in the journal Brain.

Alcohol use disorder is a chronic condition characterized by an inability to control or stop drinking despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. This disorder ranges in severity and can lead to significant disability and increased mortality. Traditional treatments include behavioral therapy, medication, and support groups, but many people struggle to achieve lasting recovery, highlighting the need for more effective therapeutic options.

Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain species of mushrooms. It has been used for centuries in various cultural and spiritual contexts. In recent years, scientific interest in psilocybin has resurged due to its potential therapeutic benefits. When ingested, psilocybin is converted into psilocin, a compound that interacts with serotonin receptors in the brain, influencing mood, perception, and cognition.

Early clinical trials suggest that psilocybin-assisted therapy may be effective in treating various mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Preliminary research has also shown that psilocybin may help reduce alcohol consumption, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. The new study aimed to explore the neurobiological effects of psilocybin, particularly focusing on its interaction with serotonin and dopamine receptors in the brain’s reward circuit.

The study was conducted using 66 male Long-Evans rats, which were chosen based on their suitability for modeling human alcohol consumption behaviors. They were housed individually under a controlled light/dark cycle and had unlimited access to food and water. The study followed strict ethical guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.

Initially, the rats were given access to a 20% ethanol solution in a two-bottle choice setup for four weeks to establish ethanol consumption. Following this period, the rats were trained to self-administer ethanol in operant cages, a method that involves pressing a lever to receive a dose of ethanol. This setup mimics human voluntary alcohol consumption and allows researchers to measure the rats’ motivation to consume alcohol.

The study was divided into several experiments to isolate different variables. In one experiment, psilocybin was injected intraperitoneally (directly into the body cavity) at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Another experiment involved microinfusing psilocybin directly into the left or right nucleus accumbens, a key brain region involved in reward processing. These injections aimed to identify specific brain areas responsible for psilocybin’s effects on alcohol consumption.

To understand the molecular effects, the researchers measured the expression of various genes in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex four hours after psilocybin administration. This analysis focused on genes related to serotonin and dopamine pathways, which are crucial in regulating reward and addiction behaviors.

The researchers found that psilocybin induced significant changes in gene expression in the nucleus accumbens. Notably, the genes coding for serotonin receptors and dopamine transporters showed differential expression between the left and right nucleus accumbens. For instance, the gene for the serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A) was downregulated in the left nucleus accumbens, while brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was upregulated in the right nucleus accumbens.

Psilocybin administration led to a notable reduction in alcohol self-administration. Rats that received psilocybin showed a 48% decrease in the number of lever presses and a 51% reduction in total alcohol intake compared to those receiving a saline solution. This suggests that psilocybin’s effects are robust and not limited to direct brain infusions.

Interestingly, when psilocybin was microinjected into the left nucleus accumbens, the number of lever presses for alcohol decreased by 38%, and the total alcohol intake dropped by 39%. In contrast, injections into the right nucleus accumbens did not produce significant changes, highlighting the importance of the left nucleus accumbens in mediating these effects.

The involvement of serotonin receptors was confirmed when the effects of psilocybin were blocked by pre-treatment with ketanserin, a serotonin receptor antagonist. Rats receiving ketanserin before psilocybin did not show the usual reduction in alcohol consumption, indicating that psilocybin’s effects are mediated through serotonin receptor pathways.

The study provides evidence that psilocybin can reduce alcohol consumption in rats through its action on specific brain pathways. By altering gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and involving serotonin receptors, psilocybin appears to reduce the rewarding properties of alcohol, leading to decreased intake.

While these findings shed light on the potential mechanisms of psilocybin in reducing alcohol consumption, there are significant physiological and behavioral differences between rats and humans that must be accounted for. Consequently, translating these results to human alcohol use disorder treatment will require extensive clinical research to confirm efficacy and safety in human populations.

The study, “Psilocybin reduces alcohol self-administration via selective 1 left nucleus accumbens activation in rats,” was authored by Jérôme Jeanblanc, Romain Bordy, Grégory Fouquet, Virginie Jeanblanc, and Mickaël Naassila.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/psilocybin-reduces-alcohol-use-by-altering-gene-expression-in-brains-reward-center/

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:02PM
SOURCE: PSYCHIATRIC TIMES

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According to new research, moving a lot during childhood can increase your risk of depression later in life. https://t.co/wBlDifX4xt

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DATE: July 23, 2024 at 12:00PM
SOURCE: PSYPOST.ORG

** Research quality varies widely from fantastic to small exploratory studies. Please check research methods when conclusions are very important to you. **

TITLE: Study finds (R)-ketamine restores cognitive deficits induced by chronic social isolation

URL: https://www.psypost.org/study-finds-r-ketamine-restores-cognitive-deficits-induced-by-chronic-social-isolation/

A recent study on mice found that chronic social isolation reduces the activity of neurons in the anterior insular cortex region of the brain, resulting in impaired social memory. Treatment with (R)-ketamine counteracted this reduction, restoring social memory functioning in these mice. The paper was published in Molecular Psychiatry.

Humans need contact with other humans to stay healthy and maintain their mental well-being. Newborns require human interaction to develop their cognitive abilities adequately. Chronic social isolation occurs when a person has little or no contact with others for prolonged periods. This condition is typically accompanied by feelings of loneliness and disconnection.

Chronic social isolation can have severe mental health effects, including depression and anxiety. It can also result in cognitive decline or impaired cognitive development in children. Physically, it is associated with an increased risk of conditions such as heart disease, weakened immune function, and higher mortality rates. Over time, the lack of social contact can exacerbate stress and lead to a diminished sense of purpose.

The effects of social isolation occur because the brain changes its functioning when a person is exposed to chronic social isolation. Study author Rei Yokoyama and his colleagues aimed to examine whether some of these adverse changes could be counteracted with a pharmaceutical treatment. They focused on ketamine.

Ketamine is a medication primarily used for anesthesia and pain relief, but it is also utilized in lower doses for its rapid-acting antidepressant effects in the treatment of depression and other mental health conditions. It is usually a mixture of two molecular configurations: (R)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine.

(S)-ketamine is generally considered to have greater anesthetic potency and a faster onset of action, while (R)-ketamine has attracted research interest due to its potentially longer-lasting antidepressant effects with fewer side effects. The researchers were particularly interested in (R)-ketamine.

The researchers conducted a study on mice, dividing them into two groups. One group of mice was raised in social isolation, starting from three weeks of age, and kept individually isolated for six weeks in opaque plastic cages. The other group was housed 5-6 per cage in clear plastic cages of the same size.

When the mice were nine weeks old, the researchers began behavioral tests to assess their cognitive functioning. They conducted tests to measure animal analogues of feelings of helplessness (the forced swim test), social interactions (the three-chamber test), and memory (the five-trial social memory test). After these tests, the researchers conducted a series of physiological experiments on the mice.

The results showed that mice reared in social isolation displayed worse cognitive functioning in social memory tests. This impairment was accompanied by unique patterns of reduced neural activity in the anterior insular cortex after social contact. Treatment with (R)-ketamine, but not (S)-ketamine, counteracted this reduction in neural activity, effectively restoring social memory and social cognition in these mice.

“Our findings on the ability of (R)-ketamine to ameliorate social cognitive deficits may contribute to the development of treatments for various mental disorders that share similar social cognitive deficits,” the study authors concluded.

The study demonstrated that the two molecular configurations of ketamine have different effects on mice and that (R)-ketamine can counteract the effects of social isolation. However, this was a study on mice, not humans. While mice and humans share many physiological similarities, they are still very different species. Because of this, the effects on humans might not be identical.

Further research is necessary to explore the potential of (R)-ketamine as a treatment for social cognitive deficits in humans. Clinical trials would be essential to determine its efficacy and safety in treating mental disorders characterized by similar deficits.

The paper, “(R)-ketamine restores anterior insular cortex activity and cognitive deficits in social isolation-reared mice,” was authored by Rei Yokoyama, Yukio Ago, Hisato Igarashi, Momoko Higuchi, Masato Tanuma, Yuto Shimazaki, Takafumi Kawai, Kaoru Seiriki, Misuzu Hayashida, Shun Yamaguchi, Hirokazu Tanaka, Takanobu Nakazawa, Yasushi Okamura, Kenji Hashimoto, Atsushi Kasai, and Hitoshi Hashimoto.

URL: https://www.psypost.org/study-finds-r-ketamine-restores-cognitive-deficits-induced-by-chronic-social-isolation/

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